Natural Resources And The Politics Of Middle East Essay

Oil production in the Middle East has not only been a subject of geology or exploiting the lowest-cost field. Where exploration is performed and what fields are developed has been influenced as much by political as by economic factors. Until the late 1960s oil production and exports from the region significantly reflected the major western oil companies’ need to cope with the demands of the different governments in the Middle East, all of whom wanted to see more oil produced in their territories in order that they could get more revenue. The oil companies were as well concerned with the political stability of the regimes in the oil-exporting countries, the dependability of supply, the likelihood of the nationalisation of oil company facilities, demands over royalty levels and pressures to make use of and train local nationals. In view of the fact that then, what gets produced where and exported has depended on political and economic muscle within OPEC which efficiently determines country quotas. Iran was the first country in the Middle East in which oil was exploited with test production starting in 1903 and a key discovery in 1908. Under Reza Shah the country was politically stable, and the oil concession agreement which was signed with D’Arcy in 1901 on very positive terms was to run until 1994. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which afterwards turns into British Petroleum, was founded in 1909. Oil was not discovered in Iraq until 1927, however by that time Persian production was well established, plus a slow growth of demand, reflecting the fragile state of the international economy at the time, intended Iraqi oil exploitation was restricted in these early years. (Mohamed Rabie, 1992). Which oil fields were developed as well reflected rivalries in Middle Eastern interests between the major western powers. Britain, through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, had a virtual monopoly of exploration in Iran, consequently the United States had little choice however to look to Saudi Arabia on the other side of the Gulf, the one area that had not come under European imperial influences. In the 1930s the oil fields of the eastern province were opened up, plus the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) was formed by a consortium of leading United States oil companies. It was ARAMCO that developed the Ghawar and Safaniya fields in the Dhahran area which were to prove to be the largest and most dynamic in the entire world. ARAMCO carries on to account for most Saudi Arabian oil production and exports, although it was nationalised in the 1970s and the role of the American associate companies is now restricted to specialist support and marketing. There was huge resistance to attempts to take over the oil concessions awarded to western multinational oil companies. Conflicts between the oil companies and host-country governments over revenues date back to the 1920s and 1930s when oil started to be exploited in noteworthy quantities, however it was the Iranian government which was the first to demand control of production. After Dr Musaddiq consolidated his power as prime minister in 1952 he set up the National Iran Oil Company, a state-owned entity, to take over Iran’s oil from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This aggravated a two-year boycott of purchases of Iranian oil by the major western oil companies. Purchases were merely started again when Musaddiq was overthrown and terms were agreed which were satisfactory from the viewpoint of the oil companies. (John Page, 1999). In the meantime the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company had changed its name to British Petroleum. It was to focus on developing the oil fields of the Emirates on the Arab side of the Gulf, where the rulers were much more co-operative. It was this new orientation and the co-operation with Shell, the Anglo-Dutch company, which were to consequence in the major developments in Kuwait, Qatar and Abu Dhabi, and ultimately Oman. The increasing importance of the Arab Emirates as oil suppliers was not so much a reflection of the quality of their oil or relative cost factors, to a certain extent what mattered was the political environment and the security of oil supplies. Iran, and subsequently Iraq, had their exploration and production curtailed on account of their political intransigence. The beneficiaries were the Arabian Peninsula states that had their oil fields developed and exploited to a greater extent than might otherwise have been the case on the basis of geological decisions alone. (Nora Bensahel, Daniel L. Byman, 2003).

Questions: History and Political Science

According to Max Weber, the state is distinguished from all other organizations by its monopoly on the legitimate use of force. its use of bureaucratic procedures in making policy decisions. c. its ability to communicate political information via the media. d. its dependence on culture to define social life. its hierarchical chain of command. Which of the following is NOT among the eight essential functions that must be performed by every state, according to Gabriel Almond and his colleagues? Interest articulation Political socialization Political modernization Policy adjudication Policymaking 5. A group of components that exist in a characteristic relationship and interact on the basis of regular patterns constitutes a territory. nation. state. social contract. system. 6. Liberty, equality, freedom, and Justice are examples of inputs. requisite functions of the state. values. traditions. guaranteed rights. 7.When decisions are accepted as binding by the people affected, the decision s may be described as consensual. judicial. authoritative. rational. All of the above 8. Which of the following can be a source of legitimacy for the state? Law Tradition Contract Law and tradition but not contract Law, tradition and contract 9. Which of the following actions is a â€Å"support† input to a political system? Abstaining from a local election Obeying local traffic laws Signing a petition Requesting a government service None of the above 10. A main rationale for sovereignty, according to the Debate in 5, is that it is a core principle in national constitutions. is a central premise of international law. it is essential for the effective functioning of states. it is more important than humanitarian intervention. it prevents many wars. Res publica refers to a citizen's right to privacy. a citizen's responsibility to support the government. the appropriate domain of state activity. the right of the state to protect its territory. the demands and supports directed to the political system. 12. The most important security goal of a state is autonomy. influence. dominance. survival. economic growth. 13. Which of the following is NOT a major role of the legislature? Oversight of the executive branchInterpretation of laws Representation of citizens Enactment ot legislation All of the above are major roles. 14. Which of the following is an important area of legislative oversight? Approving major executive appointments Enacting regulatory legislation Committee hearings on legislation Control of the agenda by the legislative majority 15. A legislative ombudsman is an independent agency that assists in judicial review. legislative oversight of the administration. policy implementation. supervision of the military. analyzing legislation. 16. Which of the following is a potential drawback of a bicameral legislature?Proliteration ot elections Less effective representation Stalemates in policymaking Proliferation of political parties 17. Many observers clai m that during the twentieth century the power of legislatures increased steadily. declined significantly. remained the same. increased relative to the executive but declined relative to the Judiciary. e. declined in bicameral but not in unicameral legislatures. 18. In a political system with a fused executive, one actor carries out ceremonial aspects of the executive role while another carries out more political aspects. b. a small number of people exercise collective executive leadership. c. e ceremonial and political functions of the top executive both reside in the same actor. d. 19. which ot the tollowing is most responsi countries? The legislature The administration

Castration Essay Example for Free

Castration Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Sexual assault and child molestation are a constant emergent problem in the United States today, the bigger issue is the fact that the pedophiles are being released from prison early due to overcrowding of the prison system. One such famous pedophile is David Wayne Jones, who was convicted of several different charges involving child molestation against more than 40 boys. Mr. Jones, who served only 15 years due toa plea agreement for those charges, underwent voluntary physical castration in lieu of hemical castration (Schmalleger, 2009). He was previously on medicine that was for chemical castration, or testosterone blocking medicine. This opens up the discussion for castration and if it is a viable option for sexual predators. Castration is best described as removing the reproductive organs of an individual to prevent virility Oennett & Blakemore, 2012). While in the past castration was only in the physical for, in todays society there are two types of castration, chemical and physical. Both hysical castration and chemical castration have the prospective to decrease the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone hormone levels, weaken sexual impulses, and making erotic urges more manageable if the sexual urges are encouraged by amplified testosterone hormone levels. Chemical castration is intended to be less invasive and a temporary fix, while physical castration is permanent. In relation to sexual predators, some see castration as an easy answer to an appalling and intricate problem. Given that the current penitentiary systems does not seem to be successfully functioning to decrease the rates of recidivism. It is even failing to be a deterrent to future sexual offenders. As with castration is supposed to lower the different hormones that are needed to become aroused, it is not always 100 percent. I believe that there are some cases where the Judge should have the option of surgical or chemical castration. I strongly believe that surgical and chemical castration should not be an option for first time offenders. If the Judge sentenced castration on a first time offender, how would that give the offender possibilities of rehabilitation. The statics show that majority of all sex offenders was once a victim of the same crime. While this does not mean let the offender get away with a crime because of their history, it basically means give the offender a chance to go through therapy. Also, I believe that all first time sex offenders should be mandated to take a psychiatric evaluation. This evaluation would distinguish a mental illness from a sick ndividual. As for second time offenders, I believe this should most definitely be an option for a Judge. After the first offense and having the resources of rehabilitation, the offender should have learned a lesson. Obviously, if it is a second offense, that shows the offender may not be able to control themselves or not care about the harm he is doing to others or the consequences of his actions. If the second time offender is sentenced to castration, I believe this offender should be eligible for early parole or early release. For the third time offenders, I believe there should be Justice served for this individual. A third time sex offender should be mandated to chemical and surgical castration when at their sentencing hearing. An offender who commits the Instead using castration as a method to release sex offenders because of the problem of overcrowding of the prison system; castration should be used as a punishment. If the prison system wants to reduce any offenders sentence due to overcrowding, it should be those offenders that have committed a non-sexual abuse offense. Castration. (2018, Oct 15).

The Detrimental affects of the internet on young minds Research Proposal

The Detrimental affects of the internet on young minds - Research Proposal Example Many young people, having grown up with online friends, seem to have lost the ability to discern the difference between real and virtual. What kind of effect would this have on their real-world relationships? The prevalence of real-time role-playing games shared with friends over the always-on internet connection blurs this boundary between the real world environment and the imagined world to an even greater degree. What effect would this have on a young person’s concepts of the real? How would the combined effects of warped real-world relationships and warped concepts of real-world environment function to shape the young person’s perception of life or development of a world-view? As this field is a relatively new one, it is imagined that there is not a lot of research available yet on these topics. The present research is thus designed to discover if these types of negative effects of internet use are truly manifest within this first generation. Rather than attempting to lead the research with these questions specifically in mind, the goal of the present investigation will be to explore the central question of what are the detrimental effects of the internet on young minds as identified by professionals and as recognized by young people? To gain answers to the research question, a search of available literature on the topic will be conducted. The purpose of starting with the literature review is to understand what has been written on the topic already and to determine whether previous research supports my hypotheses regarding the detrimental effects of the internet on a young person’s mind. From this vantage point, the next stage of the research will be to develop a survey to distribute among professional psychologists and counselors who work on a regular basis with young people and a survey to distribute among young people.

Clothes make the man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clothes make the man - Essay Example Clothes have always been the most apparent way to display the financial and social well-being of the person who wears them, and theyve been used in these purposes for thousands of years already. Since the beginning of the history of humanity clothes have been the indicator that helped to create an image of the persons status, occupation, and even intelligence and preferred lifestyle without speaking a word to him or her. Up to our times the representatives of some professions can be distinguished from the crowd by their outfit. Clothes are the best way to transfer the desired message to the outer world. Its the great instrument that allows changing social masks as frequently, as it is needed. There is a job interview awaiting you tomorrow, and you want to look like a trusted and qualified professional? Business suit is what you need. A beautiful girl or a handsome man has invited you for a date? Than wear something cute for to create the atmosphere of romance. Pretty skirts or fashionable jeans are the best choice for the party with friends, while the plain sweater and jeans are preferable for the usual day at school, college or at the work place, unless you employer demands some other form of clothing. Clothes are just the instrument that helps you to create this or that impression on people that surround you, and they should be used only for this purpose. Caring too much about clothing is equally unwise as paying no attention to what you are wearing. Like most of the things that exist in our world clothes are nor good neither bad, they can either earn great benefits for the person wearing them or hurt his/her reputation and image in the eyes of his/her surroundings. As youve probably already noticed, there are people in our society who pay lots of attention to their outfits. They spend loads of time for to find and choose the specific items they want to wear and loads of money for to buy them. For

Outsourcing as a strategic tool Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outsourcing as a strategic tool - Lab Report Example Past organizations still hire service providers to handle diverse business functions. But now many organizations prefer to outsource whole operations to another company or firm. These outsourcing companies are most commonly known as Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)†. BPO includes outsourcinng of human resource, call center, finance and accounting and even processing activities. Payroll administration, recruitment, training and selection of employees etc are the major human resource jobs outsourced. The countries mostly involvd in outsourcing are the US, Europe and Japan while the countries that fulfill these outsourcing jobs are mainly developing countries like India and China. The jobs that any organization generally outsources are data entry jobs, technical support staff, customer service jobs, accounting or financial jobs and writing jobs which usually consist of proofreading and copywriting. To identify jobs or functions that are outsourced, three organizations in three different sectors are taken into consideration- Bank of America from the financial industry, Microsoft from the IT industry and Ford Motor from the automobile industry. Bank of America: The Bank of America, which is one of the largest banks in the country, is a public company in the financial sector. The Bank of America has adopted outsourcing as a method or tool to meet its strategic goals. This bank first outsourced its IT department and gave its network operation to EDS in India in order to reduce its cost of labour because â€Å"a recent study found employees in the U.S. and Europe cost $150,000 a year in salary, benefits and other costs such as real estate. The same jobs can be done in India or somewhere else for $50,000† (Smith 2007, para. 4). Later, the Bank of America outsourced its BPO services to Accenture. The BPO services outsourced by the Bank of America mainly include human resource jobs, which are mainly carried out in the states of Hyderabad, Gurgaon and Mumbai in India. â€Å"Bank of America signed a 10-year contract with Exult Inc. to manage much of the bank’s HR function† (Noe et al. 2007, p. 46). The Bank of America had open ed two outsourcing centres in India, the first being located at Hyderabad, was established in mid 2004. It has become a grand success for them than they opened the other one in Mumbai. The bank also deals with the method of offshore insourcing for which it had opened a center as a wholly owned subsidiary in another country. One such example is its subsidiary in Hyderabad, India which was set up in 1960 with a strategy of expanding its business. Due to the success of the Hyderabad branch, three more branches were opened in India. The bank of America also signed a collaborative outsourcing agreement with JLL and TCC with respect to providing real estate services to the bank which is an instance of domestic outsourcing. â€Å"The new contract with JLL and TCC consolidates Bank of America's real estate service providers from five to two† (Lyne 2001, para. 3). Microsoft: Microsoft, a public multinational corporation in America, is the most prominent business in the IT industry. Mi crosoft leads the industry by introducing new technologies and providing a wide range of services. Outsourcing is a major technique adopted by Microsoft in its development. Microsoft has adopted outsourcing techniques in various fields. An example of such an activity is the outsourcing

Apples Work-life Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apples Work-life Policy - Assignment Example Fr communication to be effective, it must be accessible and readily available, which is not the case, at Apple.com (Lockett, 2012). However, the firm does an impressive job I am articulating the company’s work-life policy. Apple business values are entrenched I treating its employees and others with honesty and respect. The values that inform the work-life policy are clearly articulated on the company’s website (Lockett, 2012). Apple places a huge emphasis on work-life balance. In apple when an individual works hard, they get to enjoy some free personal time. Employees get to enjoy both vocational and family leave policy during Thanksgiving and Christmas (Lockett, 2012). The other work-life policies that the firm adopts include healthcare and contribution to retirement plans or pension. This is in-line with Apple Inc. A motto, which that ‘we love working at Apple, we work hard, nevertheless, when it is all said and done, go enjoy your life. Apple’s motto summarizes its work-life policy as â€Å"employee focused; customer focused and innovative.† Apple has a stimulating and challenging workplace, Amazing workplace, culture, and it is customer-focused (Lockett, 2012). This is a company that I would like to work for (Lockett, 2012). Apple is envied as being a start-up in a big organization. Employees at the firm are offered a chance to contribute to the satisfaction of customers across the globe with the novelty of its products (Lockett, 2012). Even with its huge salaries and benefits, the satisfaction that employees feel when they contribute in changing the nature and lifestyle of many people across the globe is mind-blowing. At Apple, employees work with very smart people, this enhances employees to work somewhere else (Lockett, 2012). The company has always endeavored to maintain its bureaucracy to as low as possible.

Campaign Speech analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Campaign Speech analysis - Essay Example Mitt Romney’s speech seemed more attacking than it was acclaiming or defensive, with indirect barbs thrown at incumbent president Barrack Obama (Julian et al, 2012). This was especially notable when he claimed, â€Å"America’s problems can only be solved by an American† (Romney, 2012), re-igniting the â€Å"birther issue†. He also feigned support for Obama, claiming that he wishes â€Å"Obama had succeeded† with his mission and plan of making America a better place, but that he had failed. The speech, in general, relied more on opinion than the fact, as is common with acceptance speeches, which in normal circumstances are sparse on detail. Mitt Romney also took an aggressive stance toward the incumbent via depicting him as a president who made, â€Å"big promises that failed to deliver on what the American people needed the most† (Romney, 2012). Romney was referring to job creation and political healing. He also compared Obama to President Ca rter to complete his caricature of President Obama as, â€Å"Someone who refuses to make tough decisions and lacks any viable plan to strengthen the country. Mitt Romney set out to accomplish three main goals in his speech: introduce the real Romney to the nation; explain why he is better suited to leading than president Obama. In addition, outline his vision for the next four years as president (Julian et al, 2012). He made some progress on all fronts via a solid but unexceptional speech. He opened up about his religious life, as well as his family life, attempting to throw more light on himself as much more than a heartless capitalist, offering himself as a problem solver. All the hype before his speech had been about the need for a president who would take hard choices. Mitt Romney, in his speech, presented himself as the man to take up this challenge. The biggest weakness that could be attached to Mitt Romney’s speech was the fact that he offered a vague picture of his vision for America in the next four years, which

Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Statements - Essay Example Financial accuracy and transparency is necessary for them as they would base their decision depending on the reports of the financial statement. The accurate representation of the financial statement would motivate an investor to invest, banks to lend money and the government to calculate the right amount of tax for the company. It also benefits the company by spreading their good name and increasing their goodwill in the market. Table of Contents Significance of Accurate Financial Statement for Outside Business Interest 5 Conclusion 7 References 9 Bibliography 10 Introduction The major motive behind creating a financial statement is to analyze the financial position of the company at the end of the year. It is very important to ensure that the financial statements are accurate, as the financial health of the company can be determined through the financial books of the company. It is a critical aspect for the business to create accurate statements because it is not only important for internal requirements of the company but also for the purpose of external reporting and expectation of the investors (Elmaleh, 2005, p. 105-106). The financial statements are the accounting reports which are used to communicate the financial information of the company to the external parties such as banks or the investors. If we consider it from the technical side, we can say that the financial statements help to summarize the processes in accounting and it provides a detailed tabulation of the accounting titles, and the amount of money. It not only indicated the financial position of the company, but also indicates the changes in the financial position from time to time in the organization (McCrary, 2009, p. 83-84). In the recent times, the two major areas that have been identified as the sources of inaccuracy are dishonesty and incompetency. So it can be said that if the organization wants to present a true and accurate picture of the firm, both to the internal and external stake holders of the company, then it must take measures to remove both of the aforementioned inaccuracies from the financial statements. Financial statement which lacks accurate data because of data collected from unreliable sources would be considered incompetent. Financial accuracy begins right from the time of recording the financial statements. Compromise should not be done at the time of recording the information, as it really becomes difficult for the auditor to analyze and detect the actual figures. This may also lead to miscalculations and misinterpretation of data. It is the duty of the audit firm to conduct an audit of the financial statement and ensure the accuracy of the books. During the auditing process the accounting books and the financial statements are thoroughly checked, the inconsistent recording of financial transaction and record of the entity is also ascertained according to the principles of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financia l Reporting Standards (IFRS), in the accuracy test. It is very important for companies to present an error free financial report to attract investors. Internal control system should be adequate to present a transparent image of the firm in the market. The internal control system would include the policies that organizations would adopt to prevent fraud, safeguard the assets of the firm and insert accuracy in the financial analysis. An

China Country Profile Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

China Country Profile - Term Paper Example China’s political system is very much in the hands of bureaucrats and government officials. One has to rely on them to get business done- this is due to the tradition of ‘guanxi’ (Tian n.d) which is about maintaining good relations with the Chinese. In China, it is not the law that matters but the people in power and their interpretation of the law. Due to this very practice, free trade agreements and ease of starting business in China still rests in the hands of bureaucrats and how well one maintains terms with them. Due to government interferences, tariff rates are high but recently, due to globalization, tariff rates have been lowered down in China. Strengthening the ‘reform’ policy (Tian n.d), rates of applicable taxes have also been reduced which has created a favorable environment for new business in China. Economically, China is growing at a rocketing speed and is soon coveted to be the world’s biggest economy beating the US. The average income of Chinese is increasing which signals growth in the demand of consumables and house-hold products. Due to housing subsidies introduced, real estate sector is also booming in China. Socially, China is a very business-favorable nation. Its population reduces doubts of shortage of customers and target markets. Literacy rate is also high in China which means upscale products can easily be produced and marketed. Chinese people prefer products and items carrying the first-mover advantage with them. Urban population in China emphasizes on brand while the rural population is more inclined towards price and quality of products. Due to fast paced urbanization, trend of stylish and high-priced products has picked up in China. It is also a proven fact that due to corruption in China, people tend to report lower income levels than what they actually possess (Tian n.d). Hence, the actual income levels are higher than expected in China thereby highlighting greater disposable income and spending power. China

Dominos Pizza Essay Example for Free

Dominos Pizza Essay Dominos Pizza UK ILR plc Parent company listed on the AIM. Dominos Pizza Group Ltd Runs Dominos Pizza in the UK and Ireland, holds the exclusive franchise license to own, operate and franchise the Dominos brand. Dominos Corporate Team Based at Milton Keynes, comprising over 200 employees. The Leadership Team Responsible for strategic decision-making. Marketing Understanding customers needs and publicising the Dominos brand. Developing new products and use of technology. Food Service Manufacturing fresh pizza dough and sourcing fresh ingredients. Buying in or inventing equipment. Information Technology Technology and e-commerce activities. Property Acquires store premises, oversees planning permission applications and refurbishes stores. Flawless Execution Not a form of capital punishment! Actually, Dominos training and operations, including career development and store check activities. Finance Organises finance for franchisees, as well as overseeing cashflow, budget planning, sales and purchase ledgers, payroll, accounts and credit services What is its mission statement? Exceptional People On A Mission To Be The Best Pizza Delivery Company In The World. This is part of Dominos Vision and Guiding Principles including these statements: * We Demand Integrity * Our People Come First. * We Take Great Care Of Our Customers. * We Make Perfect 10 Pizzas Every Day. * We Operate With Smart Hustle and Positive Energy Source: Dominos Pizza Web site What is their field of operation? Dominos Pizza The UK pizza delivery and takeaway market. This market was estimated to be worth nearly ? 450 million in 2000. What are their main products? Pizzas and other home delivery fast foods. Our Unique Products Reasons why we guarantee you’ll love our Hot Wow Pizzas! 1. Our Crusts Our world famous Classic Hand Tossedâ„ ¢ and New York crusts are hand stretched from fresh dough 2. Our Sauces Domino’s Signature Sauce – Made from fresh vine-ripened tomatoes Top Secret Sauce – An aromatic blend of creamy, cheesy flavors with an unmistakable garlic zest! Spicy Sambal Sauce – For those who like a bit of spice in their life! 3. Our Cheese we use generous amounts of 100% mozzarella cheese 4. Our Toppings We top all our pizzas with only the highest quality meats and the freshest ingredients 5. Finally, all our pizzas are made fresh as soon as you place your order What are their main brands? The Domino name carries the companys main brand as market leader in its field of operation. The companys logo is a distinctive part of the business brand. The three dots domino image comes from the founders idea that originally he would open three stores. Dominos HeatWave delivery bags, introduced into the UK in 2000, contain a patented disc that is pre-heated electrically. The companys use of this innovation is used as a marketing tool in its cable and satellite TV advertising. Where is their head office? The companys UK headquarters are at:Lasborough Road,Kingston,Milton Keynes. MK10 0AB. UK. When did the company start? The business was founded in the USA in 1960 by Tom Monaghan, who ran the business until retiring in 1998, when he sold the company for $1billion. By using the concept of franchising where other people are encouraged to invest money to open their own pizza store, Dominos quickly expanded to the point where it is the worlds largest pizza delivery company and the eighth largest fast food brand. In 2002 there was a total of more than 7000 stores in 64 markets worldwide, employing over 250 000 staff and involving more than 2000 franchises. Dominos started trading in the UK in 1985 with a store in Luton. In 2002 there were over 200 stores in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Who are its shareholders? Dominos Pizza UK IRL plc is quoted on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange (symbol: DOM). Who are their major competitors? The UK pizza delivery and takeaway market consists of many small businesses and the big three firms: Perfect Pizza, with over 200 outlets, Pizza Hut which has 170 restaurants and also delivers and Dominos. In Britain, pizzas are delivered by restaurants and a large range of outlets that also sell other food, like burgers and kebabs. It is estimated that there are as many as 4,000 pizza delivery companies. A look at a key feature of Dominos business. The Future Foundation Report (2003) was commissioned by Dominos Pizza to analyse the social, economic, demographic and technological factors likely to impact on the UK pizza delivery and takeaway market for the remainder of this decade. The following are some of the key points raised by the report: Lack of time the research shows that, on average, adults in the UK eat out and/or eat delivered/take-away meals around 80 times a year. The Foundation looks at the impact of freeing up time normally spent on preparing food at home, as creating a time oasis. Higher levels of disposable income real disposable household income is expected to increase by nearly 12% over the next five years resulting in more opportunity for expenditure on home delivered food. Demographic change over a twenty to thirty year period, the numbers of older people will continue to increase. The research suggests that firms in the home delivery market can benefit from this by building and keeping brand loyalty amongst a generation of people who have grown up as pizza consumers and whose incomes and affluence are likely to grow. In addition, there is expected to be a decline in the traditional family structure, which coupled with increasingly individualised tastes, will result in fewer formal family meals at home. Leisure activities the next decade will see more choice of a greater range of leisure activities. The research suggests that spending on home-delivered food and take-aways will continue increasing by 2. 5% a year on average during the next five years. Technology In the short term, (the five years from the date of the report), more people will have access to interactive technologies, up from. 70% today to 90%, and the number of broadband users will rise. These people will become better at and more confident about e-commerce and buying food online. The report indicates that home food delivery firms already active in this area are likely to be especially successful. What is the companys vision for growth? The company has a 20% share of the UK pizza delivery and takeaway market. This market was estimated to be worth nearly ? 450 million in 2000. At present, 20 percent of all pizzas consumed are delivered. This figure is expected to increase to 40 percent. Home delivery now makes up 70% of the total take-away and home delivered food sector, up from 62% in 1997. The Future Foundations report (see The Business section of this case study) estimates that the UKs home delivery pizza market will more than double by 2010 to approximately ? 800 million. Dominos believe that their business model and brand strength place them well to exploit this growth. Fast growth in franchised stores is planned, coupled with more aggressive marketing including terrestrial TV advertising and local store initiatives What is their policy on ensuring best quality product? Dominos HeatWave delivery bags contain a patented disc that is pre-heated electrically. This innovation, combined with the bags 3M Thinsulate lining and water-repellent nylon exterior, keeps the pizza hot during delivery. Pizza packaging plays an important part in ensuring the quality of the product on which the success of the business is based. Retaining heat and dispersing steam are the chief features of Dominos pizza packaging. Dominos training and operations, including career development and store check activities, through its Flawless Executions department, is another important element of the companys quality management. Packaging and the environment is clearly also a concern of Dominos. They state that more than 80% of the corrugated board used in their pizza boxes is made from recycled paper. The remainder is sourced from sustainable forests. The company encourages its customers to recycle their box packaging. The packaging for a pizza plays an important part in the marketing of the business: it carries the companys distinctive logo, and it also carries the product on which the success of the business is based. Protecting the product, retaining heat and dispersing steam are the chief functional features of Dominos pizza packaging. What sort of people work for the firm? Think about the type of person who wants to become a Dominos franchisee. What qualities do you think potential franchisees should have? What are the risks and what are the potential benefits? Do they have an equal opportunities policy? Yes. Dominos Pizza state that they are committed to the development of positive policies to promote equality of opportunity in employment. They aim to ensure that no job applicant or employee receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of sex, marital status, race, colour, creed, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, age or disability. By how much has their workforce grown over recent years? In both 2001 and 2002 Dominos opened more than 225 new stores. Running each store takes a team of about 25 people. Team member numbers should therefore have risen significantly over this period. How are their employees motivated? Employees (or team members, as Dominos term them) are motivated and trained to offer high standards of customer service. Franchisees and their staff teams have access to training programmes and can attend corporate events in the UK and abroad. An awards system operates and some Dominos team members go on to buy their own franchise. It costs a fee of around ? 160 000 for the right to open your own Dominos Pizza store. This sum buys a fully-fitted store and enables the franchisee to use the company brand image, ingredients, recipes, marketing materials and packaging. The company does offer a finance service for franchisees. Can I have some information about product development? The company has developed or invented many of the systems and pieces of equipment that are now used as standard by the industry. Examples of these include: * Dominos HeatWave delivery bags, introduced into the UK in 2000, contain a patented disc that is pre-heated electrically. This innovation, combined with the bags 3M Thinsulate lining and water-repellent nylon exterior, keeps the pizza hot during delivery. * Nationwide service system through Internet and interactive TV ordering. What is their brand positioning? Dominos calculate that their brand awareness is 81% and that this is partly as a result of their sponsorship of The Simpsons, and also their marketing of the launch of their HeatWave heated delivery system. Can you give me some information about a recent marketing campaign? Dominos nationwide service system through Internet and interactive TV ordering is beginning to show results, with its e-commerce net sales increasing by over 25% in the six months to July 2002, totalling ? 1. 9 million. The company believe that their continued sponsorship of The Simpsons on the Sky TV service and increased advertising on cable and satellite channels gives them an unchallenged position at the forefront of delivered food by e-commerce. DOMINOS MALAYSIA ABOUT US Domino’s Malaysia – Milestones’s and Achievements. 1997: Tom Monaghan, the founder of Dominos Pizza Inc, officially launched Dominos Pizza Malaysia in September 1997. 1998: The Crunchy Thin Crustâ„ ¢ pizza was introduced storewide. Dominos Malaysias commissary was recognized in the Annual Dominos International Audit as the Best Commissary in Asia Pacific. Dominos Malaysia embarks on its first community programme, the Dominos Points for Pizza Programme in support of education. Dominos partners in this 6-month programme were Hewlett Packard and Insoft. Dominos Malaysia holds the first Fastest Pizza Maker Competition. 1999: Launch of Dominos delivery number 1300-888-333 In December, Dominos expanded its operations to the state of Johor with the opening of 3 stores concurrently. Dominos Malaysia embarks on another 6-month charity campaign and aids two charitable homes, Rumah Ozanam and Montfort Boys Town through the Dominos Community Support Programme by raising a total of RM20,000 for both homes. Keeping true to their commitment to work and road safety, Dominos Malaysia organized the first Dominos Safety Rodeo to instill sound driving habits and knowledge in their delivery. riders. Tan Sri Dato Lee Lam Thye, Chairman of NIOSH officiated the event. The Dominos Millennium Gold Card launched in November. The card offers a Buy 1 Free 1 privilege. 2000: Launch of our first pasta-based side item, Spaghetti Chicken Bolognese Launch of our first dessert side item, Dominos Premium Ice Cream, available in Chocolate and Vanilla flavors. 2 Uniquely Malaysian pizza flavors, Spicy Sambal and Flaming Tuna were introduced featuring a sambal sauce in place of tomato pizza sauce. 2001: In July Dominos opens Gurney Plaza in The Pearl of the Orient, Penang. A second dessert was added to the local menu with the introduction of CinnaStix a tasty dessert treat of cinnamon bread sticks. The latest oven-hot sensation Chicken Lasagna is introduced. 2002: Banana Kaya Dessert, a delectable offering of kaya, banana slices and icing sugar on a pizza crust, is introduced. A product uniquely Malaysian. 2003: Dominos launches Malaysias first fastfood on line ordering portal (recognized by the Malaysian Book of Records). 2004: Double Decker Crust is launched a base of 2 Crunchy Thin Crust â„ ¢ with a layer of creamy cheddar cheese sauce sandwiched inbetween. 2005: Dominos partners with Dato George Ting resulting in rapid store expansion. Dominos arrives in Seremban with the opening of its Yam Tuan store. 2006: Dominos opens its second store in Penang, Taman Inderawasih Prai. Syed Zubair Abdul Hamid, a Dominos pizza employee sets a new record for Fastest Pizza Maker, making 3 Large pizzas in 69 seconds. (Recognized by the Malaysian Book of Records). 2007: Dominos celebrates its 10 Year Anniversary. 2008: Dominos Express Card was launched in January, replacing the Millenium Goldcard, this card offers a Buy 1 Pizza Free 1 pizza privilege. The New York crust was introduced to the Malaysian market. This featured the very first extra-large 15-inch pizza by an international franchise pizza brand in Malaysia. 2009: Domino’s launched its Incredible Meals from RM10 per person. The Terminate Your Hunger campaign brought Domino’s the Terminator franchise together, a first of its kind collaboration for Domino’s. RM40,000 was raised for Hope Worldwide Malaysia’s Food for the Poor program through out charity screening of Terminator Salvation movie. Our Unique Products Reasons why we guarantee you’ll love our Hot Wow Pizzas! 1. Our Crusts Our world famous Classic Hand Tossedâ„ ¢ and New York crusts are hand stretched from fresh dough 2. Our Sauces Domino’s Signature Sauce – Made from fresh vine-ripened tomatoes Top Secret Sauce – An aromatic blend of creamy, cheesy flavors with an unmistakable garlic zest! Spicy Sambal Sauce – For those who like a bit of spice in their life! 3. Our Cheese we use generous amounts of 100% mozzarella cheese 4. Our Toppings We top all our pizzas with only the highest quality meats and the freshest ingredients 5. Finally, all our pizzas are made fresh as soon as you place your order Our Guarantees As the Pizza Delivery Expertsâ„ ¢ what do we offer? Everytime you order Domino’s, we guarantee you can expect hot, fresh great tasting pizzas on time. | | 30-Minutes Delivery Guarantee! | | Domino’s is the only pizza company that guarantees your order will arrive within 30 minutes or we’ll give you a free Regular Pizza voucher! | | Product Satisfaction Guarantee| | Domino’s guarantees satisfaction! Your pizza is guaranteed to be hot, fresh, and great tasting when it arrives at your doorstep, otherwise we’ll replace your order or refund your money. | | 15-Minute Take-Away Guarantee| | Dominos guarantees youll receive your Take-Away orders within 15 minutes or well give you a RM10 off your next pizza purchase voucher| Nett Pricing Domino’s pricing is all inclusive. We do not add any extra charges for delivery. So what you see is what you pay. No surprises.

To investigate the resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

To investigate the resistance of a wire Essay In this experiment the factor to be investigated is the resistance of a wire in a circuit when the wires length is altered. This means that all other factors must stay the same or else this would not be a fair test. I am going to investigate how different lengths of wire affect the resistance in a circuit. I am using a voltmeter and an ammeter to measure the current in the circuit after the length of wire is changed. I am going to use five different lengths of wire and in order to make sure that this is a fair test and the results are accurate, I will repeat each experiment three times and work out the average. The results will not be completely accurate as the length of wire may not be accurate. I also may not have put the voltage on the power box exactly on the right voltage. Other factors that affect the rate of reaction are Electricity. When the electricity is increased, the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter immediately change. If by accident anyone touches the knob on the power pack, the electricity given out into the circuit changes, therefore making the experiment unfair. I will work out resistance in Ohms by using Ohms Law, which is: V=IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance) The whole experiment must be as fair as possible. I will measure out the wire correctly and keep the power pack on the same voltage, in order to keep it a fair test. I will also repeat each experiment three times to make sure it is accurate. I will then draw the graph using the averages. Prediction I predict that the longer the wire is, the more resistant it will be. I. e. If the wire is 5cm, more electricity will get through the circuit than if it were a 45cm piece, at the same voltage. This is because in a long length of wire, there is more space for the electrons to move and so the more times the free electrons will collide with other free electrons. In a short length of wire, the electrons are close together and have a lower collision rate than those in a long piece of wire. This theory is backed up by Ohms law, which Apparatus Method   Collect Apparatus as shown in diagram.   Set up apparatus as shown.   Make sure power pack is set to 3v.   Measure out 15cm of wire. Clip the crocodile clips onto each end of the measured length of wire. Turn on the power pack.   Look at readings on Ammeter and Voltmeter and write down results.   Re measure and repeat two more times before moving on to next experiment.   Work out average of each experiment and use that in the graph. Safety To keep myself and others around me safe, the following should be followed: Not do this experiment near water, as people could get electrocuted. People should not touch the wire while the experiment is taking place as it could be hot and it could burn them. Girls with long hair should tie it back as they may knock something over with their hair. Results Experiment 1 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 1Experiment 2 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 30cmExperiment 3 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter. 17 Experiment 5 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 75cm 0. 23 3. 23 75cm 0. 21 3. 22 75cm 0. 22 3. 23 I have worked out the averages of each experiment with a calculator to one decimal place. Here are the averages of each experiment: Wire (cm) Averages of Ammeter readings Averages of Voltmeter readings 15cm 0. 85 2. 65 30cm 0. 49 2. 96 45cm 0. 34 3. 08 60cm 0. 26 3. 16 75cm 0. 22 3. 20 Using the averages from the experiments, I have worked out the resistance of the wire. This is shown on the graph. Wire (cm) Averages of Resistance (Ohms). Conclusions My results agree with my prediction. When the length of wire is longer, there is more space for the electrons to move through the wire, therefore there is a higher chance of them colliding with each other and creating resistance. I have also seen that, through the course of the experiments, the Ammeter readings decrease, and the voltmeter readings increase. Evaluation My experiments all went well, except the Graph shows that the results are close to perfect apart from the last experiment. I noticed that through the course of the experiments, the Voltmeter readings seem to get higher in value and the Ammeter readings seem to decrease. If I had more time, I would have done the experiments more times each for a fairer test. I would also use more accurate and new equipment, as the equipment I used has been used many times before and may not measure the resistance perfectly. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer

Modified Radical Mastectomy for Contralateral Breast Cancer Abstract Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. With improving survival figures and early breast cancer detection, treatment related long term adverse effects of radiotherapy have become a concern. Contralateral breast cancer due to scatter radiation from during radiotherapy of diseased breast is one of them. This prospective clinical study was conducted to measure the dose received by the contralateral breast and compare the different techniques which influence this dose. It was found that in post mastectomy patients, treatment with telecobalt medial tangential field contribute more dose to contralateral breast compared to supraclavicular field and lateral tangential fields. The mean dose received by contralateral breast during irradiation of chest wall was 168.29 cGy which 3.36 percentage of the prescribed dose. Key Words; contralateral breast dose, breast malignancy, thermoluminescent disc, scattered radiation Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among the women worldwide. [1] With improved survival figures due to early breast cancer detection and multimodality treatment, long term adverse effects in the form of second malignancy of contralateral breast (CLB) has become a concern. In patients getting radiotherapy to the affected breast, CLB also receives radiation in the form of scattered radiation due to scattered from primary. Second malignancy is a late sequel of radiation appearing at an interval of 10-15 years. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] Since breast is highly radiosensitive structure this dose to CLB is a major concern especially in younger women and patients with longer life expectancy. Although radiation induced malignancy is a stochastic effect but the intensity increases linearly with increase in dose. [8] Studies have measured CLB dose on phantom and patients and have observed that the dose to CLB is more for medial tangential (MT) than supraclavicular field (SCL) field and later al tangential (LT) field. In our centre 22% of female patients are suffering from breast cancer and majority of them belong to low socio economic status and presented with advanced disease. In the present study we measure the dose to CLB in patients receiving radiotherapy following modified radical mastectomy (MRM). The radiation dose to CLB were measured with the help of CaSO4: Dy thermoluminescent discs (TLD). The TLD are highly sensitivity and can measure even very small doses. Materials and methods Measurement of CLB was done in 25 patients undergoing for EBRT by cobalt teletherapy machine (THERATRON 780 C and E) following MRM. Precalibrated TLD (9mmÃâ€"13mm) were placed on the surface of CLB. Total three discs were placed one at the nipple and other vertically on either side of nipple 3 cm apart. We tried our best to place the TLD on the same position each time. Skin tattooing was done to demarcate the exact position at the first sitting and this was used subsequently to replicate the position. After delivery of radiation dose for a particular field the discs were removed and another set of three discs were placed for next reading. In this way total six discs were used daily, three for SCL field and three for MT or LT field as MT and LT fields were treated on alternate days and SCL field was treated daily. For MT and LT fields breast cone was used for half beam block. Total dose delivered was 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 2 Gy per fraction, 5 fractions per week in 5 weeks. The expos ed TLD were stored in radiation free zone and the readings were taken after 24 hours and within 7 days after exposure because after seven days the TLD start to loose electrons. The scattered dose received by TLD were measured on NUCLEONIX TL 10091 TLD reader. After one set of measurement, the discs were annealed by heating 400 degree celcius and then used for next measurement. For each patient, measurements were carried out at first week, third week and last week, total three times during the course of treatment. Statistical Analysis Mean dose calculation received by CLB. Total dose received by CLB, this was calculated by multiplication of mean dose to number of fractions. The percentage of radiation dose received by CLB with respect to the prescribed dose to diseased breast (Total doseÃâ€" 100 / prescribed dose to diseased breast). We also stratified data based on gantry angle at which EBRT was delivered (≠¤50 degree and > 50 degree). The statistical software SPSS version 20.0 was used for the data analysis. Results The age wise distribution of patients and the mean dose received by CLB is shown in table 1. 19 out of 25 patients in our study were 50 years or younger. 52% patients had left sided breast cancer. Table 2 shows the contribution of SCL, MT and LT field dose with the gantry angle at which the radiation dose was delivered. Total dose received by CLB varies from 1.22% to 5.82% of the prescribed dose of 50 Gy to the affected breast. Mean total dose received by CLB was 105.55 cGy with MT field followed by SCL field, (33.96 cGy) and LT field {(28.97 cGy) as shown in table 2. This data shows that the maximum contribution of dose to CLB was with MT field followed by SCL field and LT field. Mean dose with all three fields received by CLB was 168.48 cGy with SD  ±62.23 which corresponds to 3.36% of prescribed dose to affected breast. 11 patients were treated on cobalt unit with gantry angle ≠¤ 50 degree having 3.00% contribution of CLB dose (table 3). 14 patients treated with gantry angl e > 50 degree had 3.79% contribution of CLB dose (p=0.199). The mean, median and range were 3.66, 3.34 and 4.60 respectively. Discussion It is well known that exposure to ionizing radiation causes carcinogenesis in healthy tissues. Although it is a stochastic effect having no threshold dose but the intensity increases with increase in radiation dose. CLB must be considered as an organ at risk during radiotherapy planning for treatment of cancer breast. Many previous studies conducted to calculate the dose received by CLB, were based on patients, phantom or treatment planning system. Boice et al analyzed the record of 41109 patients of cancer breast and they found the mean CLB dose was 2.82 Gy. [9] They also hypothesized that there was increased relative risk of CLB malignancy due to exposure to ionization given to diseased breast. The relative risk was 1.19 for all patients, however the relative risk was more (1.49) for younger patients who were less than 45 years old. In our study, the maximum dose received by CLB in women below 40 years which was 3.93 percentage (196.437 cGy) of prescribed dose. The minimal dose was received in patients who were above 60 years of age {(1.96 %) (97.875 cGy)}. The possible reason could be the increased laxity of breast tissues in older women cause more lateral shifting of CLB away from the radiation at the time of exposure. Half beam block technique is routinely used while irradiating the breast with tangential beams. [10, 11] Kelly et al measured CLB dose on Alderson Rando phantom using TLD with four different techniques of breast cancer treatment using 6 MV photon beam on linear accelerator. [12] The used half beam block with asymmetrical jaws, custom blocks and symmetrical collimator jaw. Another technique used was isocentric method with non divergent posterior border. They observed highest dose to CLB in MT field with wedge. In our study radiation was delivered using half beam block with breast cone. The dose to CLB was maximum with MT field because in half block beam, the breast cone is placed near to surface of breast which cause increased dose due to secondary collimator scattering. Bhatnagar et al compared dose to CLB during EBRT to chest wall irradiation using conventional tangential technique and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). [13] They observed 20 percentage reduction of dose to CLB using IMRT. According to a study by Chougule, the average contralateral nipple dose was 152.5-254.75 cGy and the percentage was 3.05-6.05% for a dose of 5000 cGy in 25 fractions for post mastectomy breast cancer. [14] In our study, the measured mean contralateral nipple dose on was 171.88 cGy (55.5-303.80 cGy) which accounts to 3.47% (1.11%-6.07%) of prescribed dose (table 2). Dose to CLB were higher for dose calculated at the level of nipple as compared to dose received by whole CLB. This may be due to TLD at level of nipple being closest to the radiation source. According to Rankel et al with high gantry angle the beam will be closer to the surface leading higher dose to the CLB. [15] In this study, it was found that with gantry angle >50 °, more dose was delivered to the CLB though the difference is not statistically significant (p=0.199). Conclusion In our patient cohort, higher inadvertent CLB dose was delivered in younger patients with MT field; overall, dose being 3.36 percentage of prescribed dose.

The Odyssey in Oh Brother, Where Art Thou Essay -- Film Movie O Brothe

The Odyssey in Oh Brother, Where Art Thou The movie O Brother, Where Art Thou is a wonderful movie that was directed by the Coen brothers. The movie features a cast of talented actors, the movie has also won several awards. The book The Odyssey is a timeless classic and it was written by the mysterious bard Homer. The book tells the tale of our hero Odysseus as he attempts to make it home to his wife. There are many ways to relate the movie plot and characters, to Odysseus's journey in The Odyssey. Let's begin with the most basic and obvious similarities, the movie and the book both begin with the same line " Sing in me O muse." The Greek name Odysseus translates to the name Ulysses in Latin. Odysseus's goal in the book is to get home to Ithaca to be with his wife Penelope and save her from the suitors. Ulysses is trying to get to Ithica, New York, to stop his wife Penny from marrying a suitor. Odysseus begins his journey by spending seven years on the island of Calypso before being let go. Ulysses is in jail for several years before escaping. Shortly after escaping, Ulysses runs into a blind man that tells him several warnings about his up coming adventure. Odysseus gets various warnings from different gods, and from prophets through out his entire journey. In the Odyssey, they travel to the island of the lotus-eaters. Once the men eat the flower they become passive and don't want to leave the island. In O BROTHER, WHERE ART THOU the scene where Delmer and Pete are baptized is comparable to this. Delmer and Pete have no worry and are happy that they are sin free, even though the police are still looking to arrest them for escaping jail. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is warned not to touch the cattle of Helios, ... ...hat Ulysses's obsession with Daper Dan hair pomade represents Odysseus's pride. Instead of thanking the gods for the victory over Troy he took credit himself. In the movie, Ulysses finds himself arguing in a store over the hair product selection, this almost gets him in caught by the police. There are also some obscure references I tried to make with the governors race. I think that it is similar to the whirlpool and sea monster Odysseus must choose between, both are dangerous to have in your path, yet a path must be chosen. The movie didn't however focus on Telemachus's personal journey into manhood nor did it include anything about the way Athena helps Odysseus through out the book. I found it very interesting that the Coen brothers were able to include that many references to the book while still having it be relevant to the decade the movie takes place in.

Comparing Amish and North American Society Essay examples -- Compariso

Comparing Amish and North American Society We can compare Amish society as seen in the movie Witness to North American society to decide which is more ideal. An ideal society is one where there is a strong sense of community among all the members. Education prepares children for life; therefore the type of education a child receives will change the society in the next generation. Although education is valued in both societies, its focus is much different. The Laws of a society reflect the values of a community, and it shows what they consider to be right and wrong. Each society has laws that reflect its values; however the way the laws are expressed is much different. Family life in a society is important, because families bring the community together. Though children are valued in both the societies, family life is different between the two when comparing the roles of the husband and the wife. The Amish lifestyle is more ideal because there is a better sense of community within the society. Education in both societies is recognized as important. We see this in both societies because of the mandatory education laws. However, the focus of the education in each society is different. In North American society the focus of education is quite broad; to graduate highschool a person must have language, physical education, science, english and arts credits. Also, it is mandatory to attend school until grade 10. In Amish society however, school is only required up to grade 8. The...

Cyberporn Essay - California and Lewd Matter to a Minor Over the Internet :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

California and Lewd Matter to a Minor Over the Internet On August 3, 2000, the California Court of Appeals for the First Appellate District, Division Five, affirmed the conviction of defendant on two counts of attempting to distribute or exhibit lewd matter to a minor via the Internet.(People) This essay explores the development of this verdict. The Court rejected defendant's Commerce Clause and First Amendment challenges to Cal. Pen. Code  §Ã‚ § 288.2(b) which makes it a crime for every person "who, with knowledge that a person is a minor, knowingly distributes, sends, causes to be sent, exhibits, or offers to distribute or exhibit by electronic mail, the Internet ..., to a minor with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of that person or of a minor, and with the intent, or for the purpose of seducing a minor, is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison or in a county jail. A person convicted of a second and any subsequent conviction for a violation of this section is guilty of a felony."(Ibid) Pursuant to an undercover investigation on the Internet, defendant initiated two "instant messages" with a detective posing as a 14 year old boy. During the electronic conversations, defendant sent photographs, made an offer to engage in specific sexual acts and invited the boy to meet him at his house. The Court held Section 288.2(b) did not violate the Commerce Clause because "no legitimate commerce would be burdened by penalizing the transmission of harmful sexual material to known minors in order to seduce them."(Ibid) Rejecting defendant's argument that the statute subjects Internet users to inconsistent regulations, the Appeals Court distinguished the instant statute from the law challenged in American Libraries Ass'n. v. Pataki, 969 F. Supp. 160 (S.D.N.Y. 1997).(American) The Pataki Court held the New York statute violated the Commerce Clause because "The nature of the Internet, like that of rail and highway traffic, requires a 'cohesive national scheme of regulation so that users are reasonably able to determine their obligations.'" Absent national regulations, according to Pataki, Internet users would be subject to inconsistent local statutes regulating the content of their communications. The California Appeals Court found determinative the "knowledge" and "intent" elements missing from the New York statute, but present in Section 288.

Changes in Education Sector in Rural Bangladesh

Education Sector Education sector has faced significant changes over decades in rural Bangladesh. Earlier the maximum level of education that people received was mainly upto primary education. The drop-out rate was very high. The number of female students was very low and they used get married while studying in primary level. As a result, the number of female students in the secondary level was almost zero. The main reason behind this low enrollment in secondary level was ignorance of the parents.They had this mind setup that primary education was good enough for their children and encouraged them to get involved in income earning activity for which they got no time to study. But, people are learning about the importance of education gradually, although the number of drop-outs is still not very low in poor families and among girls. Another trend in the village was late admission. By the time they completed primary education they had become 17/18 years old.Nowadays, in the village a s tudent completes his/her higher secondary education at this age. The medium of education has also changed. Earlier parents were inclined to ‘madrasa’ education. They wanted to make their children ‘moulana’. But today the parents see their children becoming doctors or engineers in the future. Earlier the villagers used to send their children to colleges near the village or at best near the district. But in recent years, parents are showing interest in sending their children to the capital for studying in college.Many of them are getting admitted in BUET, Dhaka University, and other prestigious universities of the country. One of the main reasons of this radical change in education level of the village is the establishment of school, colleges in the recent years. Earlier, there was only one or two primary and high schools in the village. But many schools, colleges are being established nowadays with the initiative of the government and NGOs.The government is offering different scholarship programs for encouraging the rural people to send their children to schools, colleges and receive education. Awareness programs are being held by NGOs and the government for making people conscious about the importance of education. Another important change in the education system in rural Bangladesh is increased enrollments in diploma level of education. This trend has started very recently. Some of the students has already passed diploma others and are on the way of passing.

Management of Acid Rain

First of all, as the name suggests, acrimonious come down is precipitate that is also bitteric with a pH of 5 or below. PH is found on the concentration of hydrogen ions. tart Rain is caused by dismissions of sulphur dioxide and newton oxides. These study contri nevertheless(prenominal)ing pollutants come from factories, government agency plants, automobile exhaust, chemical fertilizers, and other sources. unpleasant pelting harms man-made objects as soundly as humans, animals, plants, aquatic systems, dry lands, forest, and etc. The nominate goes on and on. sultry rain reaches the man in five different forms rain, snow, hail, sleet, or fog. There ar also modify dosageic particles that fall from the atmosphere.Most muckle do non think that acid rain is a big deal, besides it is. There have been laws passed to help suppress this issue, but it has not helped the United States as much as it should have. In this handle I lead explain controversies in the past ove r acid rain and I entrust say a little bit about what is dismissal on in the empower.In the 1980s acid rain was a major environmental issue. Environmentalists believed that acid rain was inebriety lakes and cleanup look for in pairing America. Because the political debate was so fierce, and the scientific process was so acrimonious, Congress created what was accordingly the countrys biggest environmental enquiry project which consumed half a one thousand million dollars in 10 years. Following this interrogation project, Congress amended the Clean zephyr Act in 1990, which required polluters, in the first place electric power companies, to rivet their emission of sulphur dioxide. After this act, the problem seemed to be solved.Now we have come to absorb that acid rain has not at all disappe ard. In some(prenominal) lakes across North America the peeing is less acidic, but there is no house of recovery across the northeastern and midwestern United States-and there whi tethorn not be for decades. Gene Likens, an ecologist at the instal of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, N.Y. quotes, The problem is complex, and it has not bypast away.Here is a list of about of the effects of acid rain in aquatic ecosystemsv As the pH approaches 6.0, crustaceans, insects, and whatever plankton species begin to disappear.v As pH approaches 5.0, major replaces in the war paint of the plankton community occur, less desirable species of mosses and plankton whitethorn begin to invade, and the progressive loss of some fish populations is likely, with the more highly cute species being generally the least panoptic of acidity.v Below pH of 5.0, the water is largely devoid of fish, the bottom is cover with undecayed material, and mosses may dominate the argonas near the shore.v Terrestrial animals dependent on aquatic ecosystems are also bear upon. Waterfowl, for example, depend on aquatic organisms for nourishment and nutrients. As these viands sources are redu ced or eliminated, the character of habitat declines and the reproductive success of the birds is affected.When a lake is too acidic, many fish, insects, amphibians, birds, plants, and etc. die. in the end every form of life forget die. Because the young fish are weaker than the fully- flummoxn ones, a consentient generation of young fish brush off die if the water is too acidic. Even if the fish were to survive the water, they may die because their food supply has decrease drastically because of the acid rain. Birds also injure from this problem. They depend on the lakes for food, and when the lakes and fish are poisoned or dead, therefore the birds goes hungry.Aquatic systems are not the only things that are affected by acid rain. Humans, plants, forests, and a whole bunch if other things are too. Acid rain plenty harm us (humans) in several waysv If the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we happen has come in contact with acid deposition, it washbowl cause hea lth problems for us.v Studies have shown that there is a attach between acid rain and respiratory problems in sensitive populations such as children and asthmatics.v Also, acid rain ordure increase the levels of harmful admixtures such as aluminum, copper, and mercury in untreated intoxication water supplies.Plants can be harmed by acid rain in many ways also. For example, it can alter the antifertility waxy surface of leaves, frowning distemper resistance. Here are a a couple of(prenominal) more examplesv It may subordinate plant germination and reproduction.v It accelerates soil weathering and removal of nutrients.v It makes some toxic elements, such as aluminum, more soluble. racy aluminum concentrations in the soil can prevent the uptake and use of nutrients by plants.Its effects on animals are impenetrable to assess. As a result of pollution-induced qualifying of habitat or food resources, acid deposition may cause population decline through stress and lower reprod uctive success.Acid rain affects forests and soils. When sulfuric acid falls onto the earth, nutrients present in the soil are washed away. Aluminum, which is present in the soil, is released and this element can be absorbed into the roots of trees and plants. As a result, the trees and plants are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. The needles of some trees will turn yellow because of this eventually they will fall off. Besides just killing the trees and plants, they also, acid rain also makes them grow when they dont have the becoming nutrients. Also, trees are forced to grow soundly into late autumn when it is actually quantify for them to prepare for severe frosts in the winter. unreal objects are also harmed. Rust can be formed on metal and statues, buildings, graves, and many other things can be ruined because of acid rain. Acid rain wears down rock structures down gradually, and can be devastating over a long perio d of time, sometimes causing bridges to collapse or produce unstable.In conclusion, acid rain may not sound all that harmful, but it really is and it is not a payoff to be taken lightly. There are some things that you can do to reduce the acidity in acid rain, so maybe this report will change your mind and make you think