Phoenician Management Team Essay

The senior management of Phoenician company in Phoenix, Arizona was involved in defining an ambitious $38 million spa and golf renovation program. They considered three options for the center for well-being spa Of which the first option was seen as short-term fix, while the remaining two were viewed as having longer-term potential. Since before any work activities start on the project, the project has to be defined; that work was successively completed by the Phoenician management team; and with assistance from Starwood field operations and corporate offices. The both together prepared an extensive analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threads to better understand the environment, which should define the project right away. Planning the project The corporate design and construction group developed architectural and engineering plans, as well as the work breakdown structure (which is an important part of the project plan) and diagrams showing the critical path for the possible project options. Monitoring and controlling the project The Planning process corresponds to the â€Å"plan† component. The Executing process corresponds to the â€Å"do† component. The Monitoring and Controlling process corresponds to the â€Å"check-act† component. The Initiating process starts the â€Å"plan-do-act-check† cycles. The Closing process ends them. It is the integrative nature of project management, which requires that the Monitoring and Controlling process interact with every aspect of the other process groups Project monitoring and control is the key process in the project management cycle. Properly executing this process will contribute significantly to successful project completion. Points to know The decision to renovate the golf course and existing spa became not a question of whether to undertake the projects, but to what degree they needed to be pursued. The Phoenician management team prepared an extensive analysis of strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats to better understand the environment. The result of this analysis was used by the team to identify the set of activities necessary for each option. The management team created a work breakdown structure in order to compare different project options. Reference Page Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., & Malhotra, M. K. (2010). Operations management. (9th ed.). Pearson College Div. Marriott International, I. (2012). Meetings and events: Step–by–step planning guide . Retrieved from http://www.marriott.com/meeting-event-hotels/event-planning-guide.mi Project Management Institute. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK ® Guide, 3rd Edition. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, Project Management Institute, 2004, p. 5.

Educational Failure Essay

â€Å"Every year, over 1. 2 million students drop out of high school in the United States alone. That’s a student every 26 seconds – or 7,000 a day† (Thornbergh). Why this happening and more importantly, what is being done to solve this problem? Because of boring classes, too much freedom, and just a lack of motivation, students nationwide are dropping out of school, and are starting on the path of minimum wage and regret. Schools are trying to resolve this issue by giving the support students the help they need, and giving them alternatives to traditional schooling. †¦nearly 1 out of 3 public high school students won’t graduate†(Thornbergh). That’s one third of today’s youths. That’s one out of three people that won’t go to college. That’s one of three people that won’t know the rewarding feeling of getting a diploma. But what’s wrong with this one third that isn’t wrong with the other two thirds? Some say it’s because if society, others say it’s because of schools. Really only half of the problem lies with schools. There are only a small percentage of dropouts that feel that they could never meet the criteria that the school demanded. Unfortunately, many students are not given the extra support they need to make a successful transition to high school and are lost in ninth grade†(Galesic 317). Most others aren’t engaged in school. â€Å"Boredom and disengagement are two key reasons students stop attending class and wind up dropping out of school†(Furger). â€Å"Fully 88% said they had passing grades in high school. When asked to name the reasons they had left school, more respondents named boredom than struggles with course work†(Thornbergh). With this combination, schools become what many students feel to be a waste of time. When schools get this reputation, they become what is known as dropout factories. â€Å"Approximately two thousand high schools (about 12 percent), known as the nation’ lowest performing high schools, produce nearly half of the nation‘s dropouts. In these schools, the number of seniors enrolled is routinely 60 percent or less than the number of freshmen three years earlier† (Galesic 314). Although schools have some blame for the problem at hand, the other half of the problem has origins that the schools can’t control, and that is society and family. Students don’t only have to deal with their school work, but also their peers and life at home. This can be stressful time for students, and, because of this stress, students’ grades may suffer. Even though a student’s grades are low, their parents might not know, or even care. Many parents just don’t pay any attention to their child’s grades. The shocking thing is that only fifty-one percent of parents somewhat knew that their child had low grades; the other percentages range anywhere from kind of knowing to almost not knowing at all. Even though dropping out doesn’t sound too bad, a person is branding themselves a quitter. Once a person drops out, there’s no going back. Sure, a person could get a GED, but, that still doesn’t hold the same weight as a diploma. Dropping out of schools will affect a person their entire life. â€Å"Even a GED is not sufficient for a job here anymore (Thornbergh). † There is no replacement for a diploma. The path of minimum wage and unemployment starts with dropping out. Only forty five percent of High school dropouts are able to find employment. Compared to the sixty eight percent that graduated, that’s a very low number in today’s economic state. Even if a drop out can be that forty five present that is employed, their annual earnings ($8,358) are only little more than half the earning of a High school Graduate ($14,601)(Sum, Ishwar, McLaughlin). Dropping out does not only affect the person who dropped out but also everyone around them. In today’s world, the efforts one person really affects everything around them. People often say, do as your told ;not as they do. That seems easy right? Well, when it comes to drop out, that’s not the case. Students are more likely to drop out if their parents did. When they drop out, their children are also more likely to drop out; leading through a vicious cycle of drop outs. Family isn’t the only thing affected by drop outs (Bridgeland, DiIulio, Morison). Over their working lives, the average high school dropout will have a negative net fiscal contribution to society of nearly -$5,200 while the average high school graduate generates a positive lifetime net fiscal contribution of $287,000. The average high school dropout will cost taxpayers over $292,000 in lower tax revenues, higher cash and in-kind transfer costs, and imposed incarceration costs relative to an average high school graduate. Adult dropouts in the U. S. in recent years have been a major fiscal burden to the rest of society. Given the current and projected deficits of the federal government, the fiscal burden of supporting dropouts and their families is no longer sustainable. ;(Sum, Ishwar, McLaughlin) Supporting dropouts and their families in no longer doable. So, what is actually being done to help students succeed in school and ultimately success in life? One solution that can has come into play in resent years in is alternative to traditional education such as viral schools and credits labs. They consist of virtual schools and programs that help students get back on track to graduating. With these They offer the help and support students need with out the social problems that traditional classes have such as labels, race, and learning disabilities. In doing so, theses alternatives are also adjusting learning to a more personal level. Education no longer has to be for the whole, but only for the small part that is the individual student. â€Å"Districts throughout the country are working to personalize learning by creating small schools or reorganizing large schools into small learning communities, as part of their strategy for reducing the dropout rate†(Furger). These individual students can now get more help and understanding then they would ever get in a traditional class room. Another Solution to this epidemic is stricter rules for schooling. Schools are not only making it harder to drop out, but also, raising the academic bar for students. Some students just quit because its acceptable , while others quit just because they’re board in schools. It would be no long acceptable to just quit if there are stricter penalties, right? Some states are making it so students can’t quit at an easily age. â€Å"Students who drop out before age 18 could have their driver’s license suspended or their work permit revoked unless their decision was first approved by a school or judge†(Thornbergh). But the problem doesn’t only lie with it just being acceptable, but also boredom. â€Å"Higher expectations and more challenging curriculum, coupled with the support students need to be successful, have proven to be an effective strategy not only for increasing graduation rates, but also for preparing students to graduate from high school with options†(Furger). The last and most research backed cure for this epidemic is early education. â€Å"Every month, new studies in neuroscience and psychology provide insights and warnings about how much of a person’s capacity for learning is shaped from birth to age 8. Young children need to experience rich language interactions with teachers, parents, and other adults who read to them, ask questions of them, and encourage their exploration of myriad subjects†(Guernsey Mead). Many students quit school because they are failing. â€Å"Preschool, they argue, is an early investment in youth that yields significant economic results later on. In their review of the research on preschool models in California and elsewhere, the authors found that one preschool program increased high school graduation rates by 11 percent, and another by 19 percent. Furger) â€Å"We need a much broader and deeper transformation of the educational system that starts, if parents choose, when children are as young as three years old and continues through the first few grades of elementary school. Early childhood does not stop at kindergarten; it extends through age eight, because children are still learning foundational skills in literacy, numeracy, social competence, and problem solving, they are more likely to retain them. (Guernsey, Mead) Because of boring classes, too much freedom, and just a lack of motivation, students nationwide are dropping out of school, and staring on the path of minimum wage and regret. Schools are trying to resolve this by giving the support students need and giving them alternatives to traditional schooling. In the time it took to read this, at least one student has dropped out. This needs to stop. Make a difference in one student’s life by helping the cause of helping students stay in school.

Customer Perception on Fmcg Products in Rural Market

MODULE-I 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO FAKE PRODUCTS â€Å"A rural consumer is brand loyal and this also makes it easy to sell look-alike†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      – Mr. R. V. Rajan, CMD, Anuragh Fake products are of two types – one: counterfeit products and two: pass-off products. Counterfeit products are fake products that bear identical name of product/ packaging/graphics/colour scheme and even same name and address as the genuine manufacturer.Someone produces these to look exactly like real products other than the legal owner of the real products, trademarks and product packaging. Sometimes it is becoming more and more difficult to tell which is the real  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pondsâ €  talcum powder and â€Å"Clinic Plus† shampoo from the fake products. Pass-off products use similar sounding or are similar in spelling  (for example â€Å"Luk† for â€Å"Lux†,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"510† for â€Å"501†, â€Å"Saveena† for â€Å"Sabeena†,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sun Max† or â€Å"Super Master†. They use similar type of packaging or color or designs. They come out with the motive of misleading and cheating ordinary consumers who are uneducated or in a hurry in purchasing products.A study conducted by AC Nielson, a research agency reveals that FMCG industry loses around 2500 crores annually to counterfeits and pass-off products. According to Ashok Chhabra, Executive Director, P&G the fake products are affecting the sales of leading brands to the extent of 20 to 30 percent. Another recent survey conducted by AC Nielson reveals that top brands in India are estimated to lose up to 30 percent of their business to fake products. Bes ides the loss of revenue, the leading companies also face the loss in the damage to brand image and brand loyalty of consumers.Laws Governing Following are the laws under which legal action can be taken against manufacturers and sellers of fake products: * Indian Penal Code 1860 * Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 * Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 * Consumer Protection Act, 1986 * Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 * Trademarks Act, 1999 The rural consumers by looking into the ads of leading chocolate companies unknowingly purchase the fake chocolate brands because of their impulses. Hence, the researcher has conducted a survey in the petty shops in rural areas to find out the fake chocolates available.List of Fake Chocolates/Toffees available in rural areas * Dairy Milk:Daily Milk * Kit Kat:Kir Kat * Coffee Bite:Coffee Toffee * Mango Bite:Mango Ripe and mango bite * Aasai:Aasha * Polo:Rolo * Vicks: Vibex It has been found out that fake chocolates and toffees are available i n more number of petty shops for the leading brands. Strategies for Chocolate/Toffee Companies in Rural Marketing (to kill fake brands) * Product:  Without compromising on quality, the leading chocolate companies can reduce their size to match the rural demand. Pricing:  As the rural consumers are bothered about economy pricing the leading chocolate companies can follow the strategy of â€Å"penetration pricing† * Physical Distribution:  Sales professionals of the local region who have familiarity in the local (regional) language can be appointed to look after the sales of rural areas, so that they can easily converse with the retailers and can build goodwill. Fake brands exist in rural as well as urban locations. But the problem is more acute in rural areas especially the deep pockets which are less accessible and people have very little knowledge about the original brands. Most people in rural India can recognize alphabets but not complete words, so during a research, we found a whole lot of samples of fake Clinic Plus shampoo sachets where the visual was similar to the original brand but the name was changed to ‘Clinton’ as Bill Clinton was to arrive soon in the country. During another such raid, we collected about 99 variants of Fair&Lovely cream including Fair&Lonely, Far & Lovely etc. †, said Mr. Pradeep Kashyap, president, Rural Marketing Association of India (RMAI) and CEO, MART while sharing an interesting incident in past.The Indian rural landscape being scattered in smaller villages, gaining access in all of them is a tedious task for brands. Also, most of the FMCG brands have not been able to set up an efficient distribution network in such areas. The local entrepreneurs are well aware of these challenges. Hence, take advantage by manufacturing cheap substitutes of original brands, misleading the rural consumers. These manufacturers have an advantage of being local and thus reach the shops before the original brands do. Such counterfeits piggy back on huge marketing budgets of FMCG companies.The rural consumers are aware of the brand owing to ads broadcasted on radio & television channels. But on time of purchase, the consumers tend to pick their fake counterparts due to unavailability of original product or get fooled by the retailers who on purpose sell cheap products for higher margins. Over the time the share of fake products in the FMCG market has grown to 10- 15% causing a deep hole in the pockets of the FMCG companies. A study conducted by AC Nielson, a research agency reveals that FMCG industry loses around 2500 crores annually to counterfeits and pass-off products.In another recent survey conducted by AC Nielson reveals that top brands in India are estimated to lose up to 30 percent of their business to fake products. Besides the loss of revenue, the leading companies also bear the damage to brand image and brand loyalty of consumers. On a whole, the brands not only suffer in terms of revenue but also have to compromise on the brand image which in no case can be tolerable. Therefore, various brands have come up with unique strategies to overcome their shortcomings in the rural markets and curb the growth of fake brands in rural areas.Companies like Coca-Cola have set up an elaborate system to curb the menace of  duplicate manufacturers, offering incentives to informers. It has 48 consumer response coordinators across the countries who work  with their teams and redress consumer complaints directly, including overcharging and spurious bottling. Besides, it has a large network of  route salesmen who have a one-to-one relationship with the retailers on their beat and keep their ears to the ground. When they spot suspicious activity, they inform company officials.So though it is impossible to stop counterfeiters totally, it is possible to minimize the damage they cause. Upgrading the product packaging periodically or launch product variants so that the manufact urers of counterfeits find it difficult to copy their products. Hindustan Lever has initiated special tamper-proof packs for its deodorant spray ‘AXE’, whose nozzle can’t be detached from the body while Procter and Gamble uses special labels for its Vicks Vapo Rub which does not peel off even if soaked overnight in water. This makes it difficult for spurious goods makers to imitate.Stopping the counterfeits market is a long process but it’s more important for companies to create awareness among the consumers about the ill effects about such fake products and the hazards they pose. Geographic locations: Rural consumer behavior is also influenced by the geographic location of the consumers. For example, nearness to feeder towns and industrial projects influence the buying behavior of consumers in the respective clusters of villages. We are discussing this aspect in detail in the section on market segmentation in rural markets.To cite one more example of how geographic location affects buying behavior, we can point out the fact that the lack of electricity in many rural households acts as a barrier to the purchase of certain consumer durables. Exposure to urban lifestyles: Extent of exposure of rural consumers to urban lifestyles also influences their buying behavior. An increased exposure and interaction with urban communities has been the trend in recent years. The way the consumer uses the products: The situation in which the consumers utilize the product also influences their buying.The example of lack of electricity affecting buying behavior illustrates this point as well. Lack of electricity automatically increases the purchase of batteries by rural consumers. Similarly, since rural consumers cannot use washing powders/detergent powders that much, as they wash their clothes in streams or ponds, they go in more for washing bars and detergent cakes. Places of purchase: Buying behavior of rural consumer also varies depending on the p lace of purchase. Different segments of rural buyers buy their requirements from different places/outlets.Some buy from the village shopkeepers; some from village markets/fairs; others buy from the town that serves as the feeder to the rural area. It is also seen that the same buyer buys different requirements from different laces. For understanding the buying behavior of the rural consumer correctly, the marketer must ask the question: Where from do they buy the products and why? Involvement of others in the purchase: Involvement of others in the purchase in the purchase decision is yet another relevant factor in this regard. There has been a change here in recent years.In the past, the head of the family used to make the purchase decision all by himself. In contrast, the involvement of the other members of the family in the purchase decision has been growing in recent years. An increase in literacy coupled with greater access to information has resulted in this development. The ma rketer has to reckon the role of the influencers while sizing up the buying behavior of rural consumers. Almost 15 per cent of consumer goods sales in India is estimated to be of fake products. In value terms, around Rs 15,000 crore.At an 18 per cent tax rate, the loss to the exchequer is Rs 2,700 crore. Despite efforts to curb counterfeiting of FMCGs, it remains rampant, especially in rural areas, where consumer awareness is low and the ability to track shipments is poor. This has prompted FMCG players to devise ways to act on units that manufacture these products. Emami, for instance, has a separate cell headed by an ex-assistant commissioner of police, whose job is to investigate leads provided by the in-house sales force on places where counterfeit products of its popular brands are made.Once these are identified, the team and local authorities raid these factories. â€Å"On an average, we do at least two to three raids per month,† says Aditya Agarwal, director. Most comp anies are adopting this model of conducting raids with the help of the local authorities. â€Å"It works faster that way,† says C K Ranganathan, chairman & managing director, CavinKare. Godrej Consumer Products Ltd managing director, Dalip Sehgal, rues: â€Å"Counterfeiting has not only led to a lower offtake in products in particular towns but also has an effect on our top line and bottom line†.GCPL has been facing pass-offs of many of its various products, such as Powder Hair dye, deo spray and their toilet soap brand, Godrej No. 1. â€Å"The menace is spread across the country,† notes Sehgal. Dabur India recently conducted raids across units in West Bengal, Rajasthan and Ghaziabad involved in the production of Dabur lookalike products. The company had complained to local authorities and seized personal and healthcare products and medicines worth about Rs 2 crore. The company has mapped locations where these activities take place and is going after the spuriou s manufacturers systematically. Leads have been obtained on packaging and label suppliers as well, and Dabur India will spare no efforts to get them all behind bars,† said Dabur India Director P D Narang. The seized goods included 50,000 labels of Dabur Gulabari, over 30,000 labels of Dabur Keora water and both filled and empty bottles of different sizes of Dabur Lal Danth Manjan, Honitus and Active Antacid. Hindustan Unilever (HUL) has had reports of 118 spurious varieties of their products, Fair and Lovely and Clinic Plus, available in the market. HUL says it has a ‘three-pronged approach’ to address this.It includes, as a spokesperson, from the company puts it: â€Å"Creating awareness regarding the problem; engaging with enforcement agencies on implementation and government bodies for changes in laws; and actively taking market action through raids and seizures. † Tthe bigger the company, the larger is its spurious counterpart. To counter this, some com panies have changed the packaging and design of their products at frequent intervals to make it difficult for counterfeiters to duplicate these easily. But, this is expensive, which makes conducting raids the most common pratice of dealing with the menace.Companies also say most manufacturers of spurious products work in collusion with wholesalers and retailers who stock these, eventually pushing them to unsuspecting consumers, lured by the low price. The discount in price between the original and fake product is said to be 20-25 per cent. So, even as companies try getting manufacturers under their net, the distributor-retailer end is unaddressed. By some accounts, almost 10 per cent of the retail universe in the country is dealing in spurious products. DISTRIBUTION OF FAKE PRODUCTS CONSUMER MANUFACTURE WHOLESALER IN BIG CITY WHOLE SALER IN SMALL TOWN MOBILE TRADER VILLAGE RETAILERPETTY SHOP MODULE-II 2. 1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Primary Objective * To study the consumers perceptio n on fake brands in FMCG products. Secondary Objectives * To study the behavior of consumer towards fake products. * To study the awareness of fake brands. * To study the consumers opinion towards fake brands. * To study the pricing strategy of fake products in FMCG. * To study the distribution channels. 2. 2. NEED OF THE STUDY To study about the buying behavior for fake FMCG products in rural area, what type of fake brands are available in the rural market. To know about the awareness of fake product in rural customers.To know about the reason for not purchasing fake FMCG products. To study customers give importance to the price of the fake brands. To study the reason for preferring a particular brand. To study the alternative purchase plan if preferred brands not available. To know the mode of easy distribution of fake products. To know how the customers identify the fake brands. To know how the customer cheated with fake FMCG products. 2. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design A research design is purely and simply the framework or plan for a study that guides the collection and analysis of data.The Survey Research was used in this project, because consumer’s feedback was necessary for obtaining the data. Hear descriptive type of research was followed. Descriptive research includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kind. The purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists at the present. Data Sources There two types of data Primary and secondary. * The Primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. Primary Data was collected with the help of questionnaire. The secondary data, on the hand are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process. The methods of collecting Primary and secondary data differ since; Primary data are to be originally collected, while in case of secondary d ata the nature of data collection work is merely that of compilation. Secondary Data was obtained from journals, magazines, newspapers, book and the internet. Research Instrument For doing the survey research, Structured Questionnaire with both open-ended and closed-ended questions was used.Mode of Survey The mode of survey was questionnaire methods distributed directly to the people. Sample Size A sample size of 100 respondents is used for the study. Sample Technique Random sampling. Tools Used For Data Analysis The collected information has been processed both manually and with the help of computer. The statistical tool used in this study is simple percentage methods. Simple percentage analysis = Number of respondents/Total number of respondents? 100 Sample Area A sample area is rural areas in Theni district. 2. 4. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The method of collecting Primary data has setup as questionnaire thus, the collection from the respondents made difficulty and response was not bad. * The place of research is rural areas in Theni district so collection of data can be done only randomly with the limited sample size of 100. * Many people are not able to understand the questionnaire because they are not well in English. * Some people were not aware of fake brands. * It takes too time to collect the questionnaire from the respondents. Some people not even know the meaning of â€Å"fake†. MODULE-III 3. 1. REVIEW OF LITERATUREKhan N. A. , Building Competitiveness in Small-Scale and Rural Industries in India; Icfai University Journal of Rural Management: â€Å"The significance of competitiveness in the rural marketing was neglected for a long time in India, but now it is being recognized†. Dr. N. Rajendhiran,  Rural Marketing – A Critical Review ; Icfai University Journal of Rural Management(2001) : † The success of a brand in the Indian rural market is as unpredictable as rain. It has always been difficult to gauge the rural market. Many brands, which should have been successful, have failed miserably.More often than not, people attribute rural market success to luck† Ramanathan V, Sudhamathi S, Brand Building Exercises Adopted by Life Insurance Companies in Indian Rural Markets; Icfai University Journal of Rural Management: â€Å"The very nature of economic activities of rural market extending the provision of quality access to financial solutions is vital for the development of people residing in rural areas†. Dr. Venkatesh Tamlurkar, Assessing the Marketing for Rural India indianmba. com/facultycolumn/articles(2008) : In many villages, one can see today the alternate use of the products other than for their actual purpose.People in the state of Bihar feed the cattle with Horlicks as a health drink to fatten them! Similarly, people in Punjab use washing machine not for washing clothes but to make frothy lassi in huge quantities! Animals are rubbed with Iodex on their skins to relieve them from m uscular pains after a day's hard work. Paints meant for houses are used on the horns of cattle for easy identification and theft prevention. The Economic Times (2003), â€Å"The rural market likes it strong† the strength of rural markets for Indian companies.Financial express, June 19, 2000 has published the strategy about FMCG majors, HLL, Marico Industries, Colgate Palmolive have formula had for rural markets. The Marketing Mastermind (2003), Hindustan Lever rural marketing Initiatives by â€Å"A Mukund† Marketing Mastermind has given the perspectives in which HLL has approached towards rural markets. MODULE-IV DATA ANAYSIS ANAINTERPRETATION ANALYSIS OF DATA The term analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data groups.In the process of analysis, relationships or differences supporting or conflicting with original and new hypothesis should be subjected to statistical tests of significanc e to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusions. Analysis of data in general way involves number of closely related operations which are performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing there in such a manner that they should answer the research questions. INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA The task of drawing inferences from the collected facts after an analytical and or experimental study.In fact, it is a search for broader meaning of research findings. The task of interpretation has two major aspects viz. * The effort to establish continuity in research through linking the results of a given study with those of another and * The establishment of some explanatory concept. In one sense interpretation is concerned with relationship with in the collected data, partially overlapping analysis. Interpretation also extends beyond the data study to include the results of other research, theory and hypothesis. TABLE-1 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| 15-20| 17| 17%| 2| 21-25| 28| 28%| 3| 26-30| 20| 20%| 4| Above 30| 35| 35%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 35% of the respondents belongs to the category of 30Years and above age, 28% of the respondents are under the category of 21 to 25years of age, 20% are under the age group of 26 years to 30years of age. It is found that majority 35% of the respondents belong to the category of 30Years of age EXHIBIT-I AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS TABLE-2 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS S.NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Male| 56| 56%| 2| Female| 44| 44%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 56% of the respondents belongs to the category of male, 44% of the respondents are belongs to the category of female. It is found that majority 56% of the respondents belong to the category of male. . EXHIBIT-2 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS TABLE-3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Below 8th | 10| 10%| 2| 9th-12th| 28| 28%| 3| UG| 45| 45%| 4| PG| 17| 17%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%|Source: Primary data The above table explains 45% of the respondents belongs to the category of UG, 28% of the respondents are belongs to the category of 9th-12th, 17% are belongs to the category of PG as qualification. It is found that majority 45% of the respondents belong to the category of UG as qualification. EXHIBIT-3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS TABLE-4 OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Business| 25| 25%| 2| Employed| 33| 33%| 3| Professional| 26| 26%| 4| Housewife| 16| 16%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary dataThe above table explains 33% of the respondents belongs to the category of employed, 26% of the respondents are belongs the category of professional, 25% are belongs to the category of business, 16% are belongs to the category of housewife. It is found that majority 33% of the respondents belong to the category of employed. EXHIBIT-4 OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS TABLE-5 NUMBERS OF MEMBERS IN FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| 2 members| 1| 1%| 2| 3 members| 21| 21%| 3| 4 members| 39| 39%| 4| Above 4| 39| 39%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary dataThe above table explains 39% of the respondents belongs to the category of 4 members and above members in the family, 21% of the respondents are belongs the category of 3 members in the family, 1% are belongs to the category of 2 members in the family. It is found that majority 39% of the respondents belong to the category of 4 members and above members in the family EXHIBIT-5 NUMBERS OF MEMBERS IN FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS TABLE-6 MONTHLY INCOME S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Below 3000| 16| 16%| 2| 3000-5000| 21| 21%| 3| 5000-10000| 30| 30%| 4| Above 10000| 33| 33%| TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 33% of the re spondents belongs to the category of above 10000 as income of the family, 30% of the respondents are belongs to the category of 5000-10000, 21% are belongs to the category of 3000-5000, 16% of the respondents are belongs to the category of below 3000 as income of the family. It is found that majority 45% of the respondents belong to the category of above 10000 as income of the family. EXHIBIT-6 MONTHLY INCOME TABLE-7 TYPE OF THE FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| | Joint | 58| 58%| 2| Nuclear | 42| 42%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 58% of the respondents belongs to the category of joint type of the family, 42% of the respondents are belongs to the category of nuclear type of family. It is found that majority 58% of the respondents belong to the category of joint type of the family EXHIBIT-7 TYPE OF THE FAMILY OF THE RESPONDENTS TABLE-8 FAKE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET S. NO| CAYEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Chocolate| 18| 18%| 2| Cosmetics| 40| 40%| 3| Detergents| 22| 22%| 4| Others| 20| 20%| TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 40% of the respondents belongs to the category of cosmetics, 22% of the respondents are belongs to the category of detergents, 20% are belongs to the category of others, 18% of the respondents are belongs to the category of chocolate. It is found that majority 40% of the respondents belong to the category of cosmetics. EXHIBIT-8 FAKE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET TABLE-9 TOP BRANDED FMCG PRODUCTS IN THE AREA S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes | 83| 83%| 2| No | 17| 17%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary dataThe above table explains 83% of the respondents are telling top branded FMCG products are available in the market, 17% of the respondents are not telling top branded FMCG products are available in the market. It is found that majority 83% of the respondents are telling top branded FMCG produ cts are available in the market. EXHIBIT-9 TOP BRANDED FMCG PRODUCTS IN THE AREA TABLE-10 USAGE OF FAKE BRANDS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes | 39| 39%| 2| No | 61| 61%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 61% of the respondents are not using fake brands , 39% of the respondents are using fake brands.It is found that majority 61% of the respondents are using fake brands. EXHIBIT-10 USAGE OF FAKE BRANDS TABLE-11 AVAILABILITY OF FAKE PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Retail outlet| 26| 26%| 2| Petty shop| 65| 65%| 3| Departmental store| 9| 9%| 4| Super market| 0| 0| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 65% of the respondents belongs to the category of petty shop, 26% of the respondents are belongs to the category of retail outlet, 9% are belongs to the category of departmental store, 0% of the respondents are not buy any products in super market.It is found that majority 65% of the respondents belong to the category of petty shop. EXHIBIT-11 AVAILABILITY OF FAKE PRODUCTS TABLE-12 CUSTOMER INFLUENCE TO CHOOSE THE FAKE BRANDS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Quality | 33| 33%| 2| Price| 35| 35%| 3| Packing| 24| 24%| 4| Quantity| 8| 8%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 35% of the respondents belongs to the category of price, 33% of the respondents are belongs to the category of quality, 24% are belongs to the category of packing, 8% of the respondents are belongs to the category of quantity.It is found that majority 35% of the respondents belong to the category of price. EXHIBIT-12 CUSTOMER INFLUENCE TO CHOOSE THE FAKE BRANDS TABLE-13 CUSTOMER IDENTIFY FAKE BRANDS WITH OTHER PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Name| 27| 27%| 2| Symbol| 33| 33%| 3| Slogan| 31| 31%| 4| Trademark| 9| 9%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 33% of the respondents belongs to t he category of symbol, 31% of the respondents are belongs to the category of slogan, 27% are belongs to the category of name, 9% of the respondents are belongs to the category of trademark.It is found that majority 33% of the respondents belong to the category of symbol. EXHIBIT-13 CUSTOMER IDENTIFY FAKE BRANDS WITH OTHER PRODUCTS TABLE-14(i) CUSTOMERS IMPORTANCE TOWARDS THE PRICE OF THE PRODUCT S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 69| 69%| 2| No| 31| 31%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 69% of the respondents are giving importance to price of the product, 31% of the respondents are not giving importance to price of the product. It is found that majority 69% of the respondents are giving importance to price of the product. EXHIBIT-14(i)CUSTOMERS IMPORTANCE TOWARDS THE PRICE OF THE PRODUCT PRODUCT TABLE-14(ii) CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION TOWARDS THE SUBFACTORS OF PRICE S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Discount| 46| 66. 67%%| 2| Less price| 23| 33. 33%| | TOTAL| 69| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 66. 67% of the respondents are concentrate in price, 33. 33% of the respondents are not concentrate in price. It is found that majority 66. 67% of the respondents are concentrate in price. EXHIBIT-14(ii) CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION TOWARDS THE SUBFACTORS OF PRICE TABLE-15 BRAND INFLUENCE IN BUYING BEHAVIOUR S.NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 64| 64%| 2| No| 36| 36%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 64% of the respondents are influence to the packing on buying behavior, 36% of the respondents are not influence to the packing on buying behaviour. It is found that majority 64% of the respondents are influence to the packing on buying behaviour. EXHIBIT-15 BRAND INFLUENCE IN BUYING BEHAVIOUR TABLE-16 CUSTOMERS OVERALL VIEW ON FAKE BRANDS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Useful| 19| 19%| 2| Very useful| 21| 21%| 3| Necessary | 34| 34%| | Not useful| 26| 26%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 34% of the respondents belongs to the category of necessary, 26% of the respondents are belongs to the category of not useful, 21% are belongs to the category of very useful, 19% of the respondents are belongs to the category of useful. It is found that majority 34% of the respondents belong to the category of necessary. EXHIBIT-16 CUSTOMERS OVERALL VIEW ON FAKE BRANDS TABLE-17 CUSTOMERS STATISFACTION ON FAKE BRANDS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Excellent| 14| 14%| 2| Good| 10| 10%| | Average| 26| 26%| 4| Below average| 50| 50%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 50% of the respondents belongs to the category of below average, 26% of the respondents are belongs to the category of average, 14% are belongs to the category of excellent, 10% of the respondents are belongs to the category of good. It is found that majority 50% of the resp ondents belong to the category of below average. EXHIBIT-17 CUSTOMERS STATISFACTION ON FAKE BRANDS TABLE-18 MONEY SAVING S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 37| 37%| 2| No| 63| 63%| TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 63% of the respondents are not saving large sum of money, 37% of the respondents are saving large sum of money. It is found that majority 63% of the respondents are not saving large sum of money. EXHIBIT-18 MONEY SAVING TABLE-19 HEALTHYNESS OF FAKE PRODUCT USAGE S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 17| 17%| 2| No| 83| 83%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 83% of the respondents are telling fake products are not healthy, 17% of the respondents are telling fake products are not healthy.It is found that majority 83% of the respondents are telling fake products are not healthy. EXHIBIT-19 HEALTHYNESS OF FAKE PRODUCT USAGE TABLE-20(i) OFFERS WITH FAKE PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY | NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 23| 23%| 2| No| 77| 77%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 77% of the respondents are not getting offers for the fake products, 23% of the respondents are getting offers for the fake products. It is found that majority 77% of the respondents are not getting offers for the fake products. EXHIBIT-20(i)OFFERS WITH FAKE PRODUCTS TABLE-20(ii) OFFERS GIVEN FOR THE FAKE PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Discount| 12| 52. 13%| 2| Gift| 3| 13. 09%| 3| Others| 8| 34. 78%| | TOTAL| 23| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 52. 13% of the respondents belongs to the category of discount, 34. 78% of the respondents are belongs to the category of others, 13. 09% are belongs to the category of gift. It is found that majority 52. 13% of the respondents belong to the category of discount. EXHIBIT-20(ii) OFFERS GIVEN FOR THE FAKE PRODUCTS TABLE-21(i)CUSTOMERS CHEATED WITH FAKE PRODUCTS S. N O| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 50| 50%| 2| No| 50| 50%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 50% of the respondents are both cheated and not cheated with fake products. It is found that majority 50% of the respondents are both cheated and not cheated with fake products. . EXHIBIT-21(i) CUSTOMERS CHEATED WITH FAKE PRODUCTS TABLE-21(ii) HOW CUSTOMERS CHEATED WITH FAKE BRANDS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Name| 19| 38%| 2| Symbol| 12| 24%| 3| Quality| 12| 24%| 4| Price| 7| 14%| TOTAL| 50| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 38% of the respondents belongs to the category of name, 24% of the respondents are belongs to the category of symbol and quality, 14% are belongs to the category of price. It is found that majority 38% of the respondents belong to the category of name. EXHIBIT-21(ii) HOW CUSTOMERS CHEATED WITH FAKE BRANDS TABLE-22 QUALITY CONSCIOUS OF PRODUCT S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PE RCENTAGE| 1| Poor| 7| 7%| 2| Fair| 30| 30%| 3| Good| 49| 49%| 4| Excellent| 17| 17%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary dataThe above table explains 49% of the respondents belongs to the category of good, 30% of the respondents are belongs to the category of fair, 17% are belongs to the category of excellent, 7% of the respondents are belongs to the category of poor. It is found that majority 49% of the respondents belong to the category of good. EXHIBIT-22 QUALITY CONSCIOUS OF PRODUCT TABLE-23 REASONS FOR NOT PURCHASE FAKE FMCG PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Not necessary| 42| 42%| 2| High price| 22| 22%| 3| Low quality| 27| 27%| 4| Not familiar| 9| 9%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%|Source: Primary data The above table explains 42% of the respondents belongs to the category of not necessary, 27% of the respondents are belongs to the category of low quality, 22% are belongs to the category of high price, 9% of the respondents are belongs to the category of not fam iliar. It is found that majority 42% of the respondents belong to the category of not necessary. EXHIBIT-23 REASONS FOR NOT PURCHASE FAKE FMCG PRODUCTS TABLE-24 ALTERNATIVE FOR PREFERED BRAND S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Go to other shop| 30| 30%| 2| Postpone the purchase| 16| 16%| | Will buy other brand| 30| 30%| 4| Place order to get required brand| 11| 11%| 5| Any other| 13| 13%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 30% of the respondents belongs to the category of both go to other shop and will buy other brand, 16% of the respondents are belongs to the category of postpone the purchase, 13% are belongs to the category of any other, 11% of the respondents are belongs to the category of place order to get required brand. It is found that majority 30% of the respondents belong to the category of both go to other shop and will buy other brand.EXHIBIT-24 ALTERNATIVE FOR PREFERED BRAND TABLE-25 CUSTOMERS STATISFACTION WITH PRESENT DIS TRIBUTION SYSTEM S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 62| 62%| 2| No| 38| 38%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 62% of the respondents are satisfied with present distribution system, 38% of the respondents are not satisfied with present distribution system. It is found that majority 62% of the respondents are satisfied with present distribution system. EXHIBIT-25 CUSTOMERS STATISFACTION WITH PRESENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TABLE-26MODE OF SELLING OF FAKE PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Van| 14| 14%| 2| Cycle| 34| 34%| 3| Door-door step| 23| 23%| 4| Other| 29| 29%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 34% of the respondents belongs to the category of cycle, 29% of the respondents are belongs to the category of other, 23% are belongs to the category of door-door step, 14% of the respondents are belongs to the category of van. It is found that majority 34% of the respondents belong to the category of cycle. EXHIBIT-26 MODE OF SELLING OF FAKE PRODUCTSTABLE-27 VOICE OF RETAILERS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 53| 53%| 2| No| 47| 47%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary data The above table explains 53% of the respondents are obey the voice of the retailer, 47% of the respondents are not obey the voice of the retailer. It is found that majority 53% of the respondents are obey the voice of the retailer. EXHIBIT-27 VOICE OF RETAILERS TABLE-28 STEPS TO AVOID FAKE PRODUCTS S. NO| CATEGORY| NO OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| Yes| 58| 58%| 2| No| 42| 42%| | TOTAL| 100| 100%| Source: Primary dataThe above table explains 58% of the respondents are take steps to avoid using fake products, 42% of the respondents are not take steps to avoid using fake products. It is found that majority 58% of the respondents are take steps to avoid using fake products. EXHIBIT-28 STEPS TO AVOID FAKE PRODUCTS MODULE-V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 5 . 1. Findings of the study * The majority of 35% of the respondents are in the age group of above 30. * The majority of 56% of the respondents are male. * The majority of 45% of the respondents are qualified as UG. The majority of 33% of the respondents are employed. * The majority of 39% of the respondents are with family of above 4members. * The majority of 33% of the respondents are earning above Rs10000 per month. * The majority of 58% of the respondents are joint family. * The majority of 40% of the respondents are expecting fake cosmetic products available in market. * The majority of 83% of the respondents are expecting top branded FMCG products available in the area. * The majority of 61% of the respondents are not using fake brands. The majority of 65% of the respondents are purchasing fake products in petty shop. * The majority of 35% of the respondents are influencing price to choose the fake brand. * The majority of 33% of the respondents are identifying symbol with othe r products. * The majority of 67% of the respondents are give importance to price of the product. * The majority of 64% of the respondents are influencing packing of the brand in buying behavior. * The majority of 34% of the respondents are telling necessary to use fake brands. * The majority of 50% of the respondents are good to satisfied on fake brands. The majority of 63% of the respondents are feels fake brands saves large sum of money. * The majority of 83% of the respondents are expecting fake products are not healthy. * The majority of 52. 13% of the respondents are getting discount for the fake brands. * The majority of 50% of the respondents are cheated with fake products. * The majority of 38% of the respondents are cheated by name of the product. * The majority of 42% of the respondents are expected not necessary to purchase fake FMCG products. * The majority of 30% of the respondents gives equal preference to go to other shop and will buy other brand. The majority of 62% of the respondents are satisfied with present distribution system. * The majority of 34% of the respondents are expecting fake products are sold by the manufacture through cycle. * The majority of 53% of the respondents are obeying the voice of the retailer. * The majority of 58% of the respondents are take steps to avoid fake products. 5. 2. Suggestions To The Study . * It is necessary to the consumer forum to create awareness among rural customers among fake brands. * Branded products should advertise their brand image and slogan to avoid the fake products. Some best brands are not available all times in all areas, so we can’t avoid to buy the fake products 5. 3. Conclusion A product is the heart of marketing. A rural marketer has to be sensitive to the needs of rural consumers and must design products that achieve the best fit with rural conditions. To succeed in rural markets, it is important for companies to make products that cater to all facets of rural needs, from pr oduct design to branding, from packaging to after-sales service. Based on the types of products currently seen and the likely aspirations of rural consumers, products may proliferate in many directions.It is likely that relatively well-to-do rural consumers will graduate to more sophisticated products as they start expecting more than just the core benefits of the product. The shift of rural consumers from product generalization (one clearing soap for all purposes) to product specialization (toilet soap for bathing, shampoo for washing hair, detergent for washing clothes) promises better growth for urban-centric products presently used in rural areas. Increased literacy and awareness levels are bound to lead to an influx of new product categories like educational and lifestyle products.The first mover in new product categories in the rural market will benefit and is more likely to succeed by achieving brand stickiness, making it difficult for late entrants. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS * Prad eep kashyap and Siddhartha raut, ‘The rural marketing book’. * Gupta, V. K. , ‘An Approach to Rural Marketing’, Indian journal of marketing. * Dr. Francis Cherunilam, â€Å"Corporate Scene – The Menace of Fake Products† Organisational Management * Lee Hoe, Gillian Hogg, Susan Hart, (2003), Fakin’ It: Counterfeiting and Consumer Contradiction, European Advances in Consumer Research, 6: 60-67. Alain d’Astous, Ezzedine Gargouri, (2001), Consumer evaluations of brand imitation, European Journal of Marketing, 35(1/2): 153 – 167. * Gardner, David M. (1975), Deception in Advertising: A Conceptual Approach, Journal of Marketing Z% Qan. ), 40-46. * Jacoby, Jacob;Olson, Jerry C. ;Haddock, Rafael A. , (1971), Price, brand name, and product composition characteristics as determinants of perceived quality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(6): 570-579 * Robert C. Bird, (2007-2008), Counterfeit Drugs: A Global Consumer Perspective, Wake Forest Intell. Prop. L. J. , 387. Arghavan Nia, Judith Lynne Zaichkowsky, (2000) Do counterfeits devalue the ownership of luxury brands? , Journal of Product ; Brand Management, 9(7): 485 – 497 * Miaoulis, George and Nancy D'Amato (1978), â€Å"Consumer Confusion and Trademark Infringement,† journal of Marketing, 48-55. * Irena Vida, (2007), Determinants of Consumer Willingness to Purchase Non-Deceptive Counterfeit Products, Managing Global Transitions 5 (3): 253–270. * Harvey, M. G. , and A. Ronkainen. 1985. International counterfeiters: Marketing success without the cost or the risk. Columbia Journal of World Business 20 (3): 37–46. Shih Jung Wang, Lily Shui-Lien Chen, (2011), Consumers’ attitudes towards different product * category of private labels. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17): 7616-7621. * Kambiz Heidarzadeh Hanzaee, Sara Ghafelehbashi, (2012), The Role of Product Involvement, Knowledge, and Perceptions in Consumer Purchase Behavior of Counterfeits: Perspective Islamic Country. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. , 2(1): 418-425. * Roberta Hupman, Judith Lynne Zaichkowsky, (1995), Brand imitation and the consumer: an ethical perspective, European Advances in Consumer Research, 2: 418-424. Elfriede Penz, Barbara Stottinger, (2005), Forget the â€Å"Real† Thing–Take the Copy! An Explanatory Model for the Volitional Purchase of Counterfeit Products. Advances in Consumer Research, 32: 568-575. WEBSITES: * www. google. com * www. wikipedia. com * www. businessmanthra. com ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE A STUDY ON CUSTOMER PERCEPTION OF FAKE BRANDS IN FMCG WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RURAL AREAS IN THENI DISTRICT 1) Name: _________________________________ 2) Age: a)15-20yrs b)21-25yrs c)26-30yrs d)above 30yrs 3) Gender: a)male b)female 4) Education )below 8th b)9th-12th c)UG d)PG 5) Nature of occupation a)business b)employed c)professional d)housewife 6)Number of members in the family a)2 b)3 c)4 d)above 4 7) Mon thly income a)below ? 3000 b) ? 3000-? 5000 c) ? 5000-? 10000 d)above ? 10000 8) Type of family a)joint b)nuclear 9) what are the fake products available in the market? a)chocolate b)cosmetics c)detergents d)others 10) Did you expect top branded FMCG products are available in this area? )yes b)no 11) Are you a user of fake brands? a)yes b)no 12) In which place do you purchase fake products? a)retail outlet b)petty shop c)departmental store d)super market 13) What influence you to choose the fake brand? a)quality b)price c)packing d)quantity 14) How do you identify fake brand with other? a)name b)symbol c)slogan d)trademark 15)i) Do you give importance to the price of the product? a)yes b)no ii) If yes? You concentrate in )discount b)less price 16) Does the packing of the brands influence in buying behavior? a)yes b)no 17) What is the overall view on fake brands? a)useful b)very useful c)necessary d)not useful 18) Give the degree of satisfaction about fake brands? a)excellent b)good c)average d)below average 19) Do you feel fake brands saves large sum of money? a)yes b)no 20) Would you think fake products are healthy? a)yes b)no 21) Would you get any offer for fake brands? a)yes b)no i) If yes what are they? a)discount b)gift c)others 22) Are you cheated with fake products? a)yes b)no ii) If yes how? a)name b)symbol c)quality d)price 23) How do you rate the quality of the product & your preferred brands? a)poor b)fair c)good d)excellent 24) What are the reasons for not purchase fake FMCG products? a)not necessary b)high price c)low quality d)not familiar 25) What are the alternative purchase plans, if preferred brand is not available? )go to other shop b)postpone the purchase c)will buy other brand d)place order to get required brand e)any other 26) Are you satisfied with present distribution system? a)yes b)no 27) Manufacture sell the fake products through a)van b)cycle c)door – door step d)other 28) Did you obey the voice of the retailer of buying FMCG products? a)yes b)no 29) Do you take any steps to avoid using fake brands? a)yes b)no 30) Your valuable suggestion if any ————————————————- ————————————————-

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New Product Development Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New Product Development Research Paper - Essay Example Since customer's satisfaction is the main aim of any company, the company must concentrate on the development process. The new product development methodologies must be used. Product development process is a collection of methods that assist in developing the product. These methods are implemented to develop a product according to the specifications. The customer's requirements are gathered and they are analyzed. The demand for a particular product must be known before developing the product. The manager is responsible for conducting a research that studies the requirements and expectations of the customer. (Annacchino, 2007).The frequency of the product's demand must also be studied since it will help in the development of the product. The product development process is a set of steps that are followed to design and develop a product. The various steps in the product development process are: These steps in turn involve various sub modules and methods. If a new product is introduces in the market, it may have a positive or negative effect. It depends on the working of the product and the sales and service. The company has to decide on the rate of new product development. The rate of production includes the number of products that are introduced in a year. This can be identified by conducting a survey and study within the company. The new product development rate depends on the company's financial status and demand in the market. If the demand for a particular product is more, the company should first manufacture the corresponding and then concentrate on the design and development of a new product. The product development steps are carried out in order to develop a complete product that can stand in the market for a longer time. Market study is an important part of the development process. This market study will help the company to know about the current market status and the customer's demand for the company's product. New Product Development Methodology (NPD) New product development methodology provides a predefined framework that includes the steps for planning and developing the product. (Annacchino, 2007).The design, development, testing and implementation are the common processes in the product development methodology. Though several methods are used to develop a product, certain methods are popular among the companies. One among them is Stage-Gate process. This method is widely used in the manufacturing industries. This stage-gate process consists of various gates that act as the intermediary between each of the phase of development. This methodology contains various steps. They are: Discovery, Scope of product, business case, development, testing and validation, launch and review. Each phase of development consists of a gate which acts as a decision making system. The phases of development are outlined below. Discovery In this stage of development process, the idea is discovered. This idea is the base for the development of the product. The product's baseline and the concept are defined in this stage. Then the idea is tested for feasibility. This is achieved by a feasibility study that collects information regarding the product and financial status of the company. The resources required to develop the product are also examined. Scope of

The marketing strategies of Heinz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The marketing strategies of Heinz - Assignment Example This report is designed to have an insight about an organization that is about to conduct some market research into consumer buying habits for the products and services that this company has for sale. Moreover, this research will address the obstacles in the way of the operations of Heinz and their competitors in order to clarify the current and future market standing of the company. Henry John Heinz, the founder of this company said that he learned from his parents’ idea of business which was, â€Å"Deal with the seller so justly that he will want to sell to you again.† He believed in fair play in the business and this quality of him had made him a successful businessman. He founded Heinz almost 150 years ago. Heinz was formed in Sharpsburg (a suburb of Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, in 1869 by entrepreneur Henry John Heinz. To this day the company has become a global business dealer in the consumer food industry. Heinz is a $10.7 billion global company. The products of He inz enjoy #1 or #2 market share in more than 50 countries. Every year the company sells 650 million bottles of its iconic Ketchup. Heinz's top 15 power brands are counted as more than two-thirds of its annual sales. There are about 35000 people that are employed by Heinz in almost 50 countries around the globe. Heinz is a liable corporate citizen dedicated to safe practices, environmental stewardship and giving back to the society. The basic task required in this report is to find the appropriate research procedure and outlines its merits and de-merits. Further it is required to analyze the research by proper sampling procedure for accumulating substantial and real results. 4 External or in-house research

Anishinnabe study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anishinnabe study - Assignment Example One of the steps of colonization was identified as being denial and withdrawal. The colonizers deny the availability of cultural and social beliefs for the indigenous people. The second step was denial or eradication. The colonizers destroy any representation of the local people. The third step is denigration of the existing cultural practices by establishing their structures and social systems in the colony. The fourth step is tokenism of the colonial remnants who survive the onslaught of the colonizers. Finally, there is transformation and exploitation. The traditional culture that refuses to die is transformed into the dominating culture of the colonial society The Indian act emerged from the consolidation of the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869 and the Gradual Civilization Act 1857 in 1876. One of the changes in the Indian Act is the ban of Potlatch that was a ceremony of the coastal first Nations in the west. Another change is the 1951 amendments which enacted after the Second World War. The atrocities of the war were most effective on the aboriginal people in Canada. Another change on the Act was Bill C-31 and gender discrimination which aimed to minimize gender bias. According to Johnson, treaties were the instruments that gave Europeans the rights to share resources, build relationships and settle among the natives. He discussed issues of justice system, political divisions, reconciliation law and reconciliation among

Economics Assignment, The Market for Rhodium Essay

Economics Assignment, The Market for Rhodium - Essay Example Now if the prices remained same of palladium and rhodium, the demand for rhodium might increase at higher ratio than palladium because of the difference in the prices. Due to low demand of palladium, its price was decreased by the company which increased its demand. Due to increased demand for palladium, the demand for rhodium has fallen to large extent in the auto catalyst use. Because the demand for antipollution chemical has aroused only in the auto catalyst industry while the consumption of rhodium and palladium by other industries remained same. Now when the price of rhodium has fallen there is a big difference in the demand for rhodium in auto catalyst industry as compared to other industries. As auto catalyst is the major consuming unit of antipollution chemicals so demand has fallen for rhodium particularly in it due to increase in demand for palladium. Hence the trend of demand for rhodium has fallen. In the above diagram, DD is demand curve for year 2001 with demand 557 and price 1829.79 approx. D^D^ is the demand curve for year 2000 having average price of 2025.47 and demand 809. The difference between total demand has caused the price to move also. Ans.: The demand for rhodium as compared to palladium reduces in resulting of cross price elasticity. It shows that the price of palladium has been reduced by the company to reduce the pollution in the car exhausts. The greater demand of antipollution chemicals in the society enforces the company to reduce the price of palladium in order to increase its demand as compared to rhodium. The company decreases the price of palladium which greatly affects the demand and price of rhodium. Because of decreased prices of palladium, the demand for rhodium has also decreased which ultimately causes its price to be decreased. Hence due to the decrease in the price of palladium the price for rhodium has also decreased. Subsidization of industries can play an

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary - Article Example The need for new applications has contributed to the advancement of communication and networking technologies (OBrien & Marakas, 2008). These changes have impacted businesses because they have to put in a lot of resources to manage the complexities brought about by these technological advancements. These trends have been causing problems for organizations. When it comes to using technology efficiently, the burden on managers is greater today than it was in the past. This is because technological advancements have brought about a lot of complexities in communication and networking systems. Previously, the internet was largely used as a platform for communication and entertainment. This trend has changed, and, for businesses, the internet today is mainly used as a business process automation and commercial platform (OBrien & Marakas, 2008). A good example is that managers today are more concerned about having an online presence than physical presence. Managers have to grapple with how to manage networks effectively so that they can efficiently support their business processes. The network management dilemma remains a challenge for managers. Another example is dealing with how fast networks need to operate to satisfy their business demands since there are larger volumes of data to

Employment of Expatriates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment of Expatriates - Essay Example By comparison, total compensation for a top-notch Chinese manager would be only about $50,000 per year as stipulated in the case study. The decision to "localize" management in the case study seems inappropriate since they need some professional advice from an individual who is experienced in the specific field. Businesses in China do not properly document their operations and they need to understand its importance. There is a risk involved since it is not right to give up financial control (Wild, Wild and Han, 473). Another issue emerges where many expatriate managers are tested according to the operating results and their efforts to better the skills and competence of local managers through training. â€Å"Localizing† is inappropriate and the use of expatriate managers in this case will help to improve the overall performance. The action of Ricoh Corp does not reflect sound recruitment and personnel policies since he fired Mr. Mackentire to replace him with an expatriate. Th is explains why the move was controversial. Though the decision was right based on the argument of business necessity, it is appropriate to conclude that he was fired simply because he is not an expatriate (Kaplan and Saccuzo, 577).

Should We Pay College Athletes Essay Example for Free

Should We Pay College Athletes Essay Should we pay college athletes? That is a big topic in NCAA sports right now. People think that college athletes work hard and that they deserve to get paid. Michael Wilbon is one of these people. At first he was against paying college athletes, but now he is all for it. He says that he is interested in seeing the people that make revenue share a little piece of it. Then you have people like a reporter from the Daily Evergreen. He is against paying the athletes. He states that when you are a student athlete it is student first and athlete second, and that if you start paying college athletes it will put being an athlete first. I strongly think that college athletes shouldn’t be paid for playing sports in college. Paying players to play sports in college can cause players to ruin their career, cause the NCAA to be one sided, and would take away scholarships. The first problem with paying college athletes is that it could ruin a college athlete’s future career. For example, what happens when you give a little kid money? They spend it on junk that they don’t need. So the same thing would happen with most young college athletes. Think about it, you’re giving a teenager straight out of high schools a bunch of money to come a play sports at your school. Teenagers are not responsible with money. A prime example of this happening is Josh Hamilton. Hamilton is a professional baseball player in the Major Leagues. He got drafted out of high school and signed a contract with the Tampa Bay Rays for nearly 4 million dollars. He got hooked up with the wrong people and ended up blowing all his money on drugs and tattoos. He even got kicked out of Major League baseball for a while. I think that this would happen to a lot of player in college if they got paid. Another problem with paying college athletes is that it will cause the NCAA to become one sided. It will make college sports just like professional sports. The colleges with the most money will have the best teams and the colleges with the least money will have the worst teams. The competition would disintegrate. Take a look at professional baseball for example. The highest paid team in the Majors is the New York Yankees, and they are also the best. The lowest paid team is the Kansas City Royals, and they are the worst team in baseball. New York has money to buy the best players out there, while the Royals don’t. They can’t get good players because of their budget. This is exactly what would happen if college athletes got paid. The college with the highest budget would get the best players in the country, while the college with the worst budget wouldn’t be able to get good players. This will make the same teams good and the same teams bad year in and year out. It would take all the competition away. The third and final reason that paying college athletes is a bad choice is that it would take away scholarships. Think about it, you are already paying college athletes to play by giving them scholarships. Why would you need to pay them more to play if they have a scholarship already? You wouldn’t. Which means that scholarships would be gone all together and that’s not fair to everyone else? What about the people that are non-athletes? They wouldn’t be able to get scholarships because they don’t play sports. This would cause the student population to decrease. Lots of people can’t afford to go to the colleges they go to. The only reason they can go is because scholarships allow them to. It’s not right to take away the opportunity for less fortunate people. So I think that paying college athletes is a bad idea. It could ruin a players career giving them a lot of money at a young age, like it almost did to Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers. It would also cause the NCAA to be uncompetitive and become exactly like the professional leagues. And lastly it would get rid of scholarships, which would take away opportunities of a lot of college students that are non-athletes Works Cited Chait, Jonathan. â€Å"Fixing College Sports: Why Paying Student Athletes Won’t Work† New York Magazine Mar.2012. Web. 29 Mar.2012 Hamilton, Josh, and Tim Keown â€Å"Beyond Belief† New York: Hamilton, 2008 â€Å"College Athletes Should Not Get Paid To Play† The Daily Evergreen Aug. 2011. Web. 29 Mar. 2012

The Lungs Essay Example for Free

The Lungs Essay When air enters the lungs, it travels down the bronchus, which divides like a tree, which gets smaller and smaller. At the end of each tiny branch, or bronchiole, is a structure called alveoli. Alveoli are like little balloons of air sacks. Alveoli are full of oxygen-rich air that has been drawn into the lungs during inspiration. This oxygen needs to get into the blood, so that the cardiovascular system can fulfil its role of transporting the oxygen to the working cells. This movement of oxygen takes place in the alveoli, where a capillary can always be found close by, and the oxygen can move from one place to another that is from the lungs into the blood. The capillary that is close to the alveoli is carrying the blood that has been pumped from the body via the heart. It is carrying a lot of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide move from the blood into the alveoli, at the same time that the oxygen is moving in the other direction. This process is known as gaseous movement. The movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can be less efficient if the person is suffering from a respiratory disease, and has built up in the lungs. Questions: 1) Explain the term Inspiration 2) Explain the term Expiration 3) Draw a flow diagram of the sequence of events that occurs during expiration. 4) Draw a simple sketch of the size of the rib cage and diaphragm at the start of inspiration, and at the end of inspiration. 5) What effects does the size of the lungs have on the movement of air into and out of the lungs? 6) Why is it important that the suction between lungs and the ribs is maintained? 7) Using a blank diagram label the structures of the respiratory system. 8) Refer to the cardiovascular system and suggest where the heart would be positioned on your diagram. 9) What happens to the dust that is filtered out of the nasal passage

The Importance Of Refrigeration Technology History Essay

The Importance Of Refrigeration Technology History Essay The refrigeration technology is an important technology in that it slows down the growth of bacteria. In doing this, it lowers the risks of diseases. This is because bacteria exist all around us including in the foods that we eat. When the bacteria are supplied with enough nutrients and favorable climatic conditions, they grow rapidly and hence can cause illnesses. Refrigeration technology comes in hardy to stop the rapid multiplication of the bacteria and this is a benefit to the society in that its chances of falling ill from Bacteria illnesses are reduced (Bauer, 1998) Historical roots behind refrigeration. The very first artificial refrigeration known was the demonstration presented at the University of Glasgow by William Cullen in 1748. This discovery however was not use for any practical purpose. The first refrigerator was designed by Oliver Evans, an American inventor in 1748. But the first practical refrigerator was built in 1834 by Jacob Perkins. This refrigerator used vapor in a vapor compression cycle. John Gorrie an American physician built a refrigerator in 1844 based on Evans design. This refrigerator was built with the aim of making ice to cool the air for the yellow fever patients that he was treating. Carl Von Linden, a German engineer patented, in 1976 the process of liquefying gas but not the refrigerator (Burstall, 65). Gas liquefaction is the basic part of refrigeration technology. The first refrigerators were made of wood cabinet and a compressor that was cooled with water. Steel and porcelain cabinets emerged in 1920s to replace the wooden refrigerators which were le ss effective. The evolutions of the refrigerators continue to improve in the 50s and 60s and they became better to suit the needs of the customers. Automatic ice makers and automatic defrost were added in the refrigerator with the aim of making them user friendly and reduce the maintenance. The modern day refrigeration technology is aimed at making the refrigerators more environments friendly (About.Com) The refrigeration process has not stopped evolving. The early refrigerators of 1800 used toxic gas like ammonia, methyl chloride and sulfur dioxide as the refrigerant. These were used up to 1929. In the 1920s, there are many fatal accidents which occurred. This was caused by the leaking of methyl chloride from the refrigerators. It was after this that 3 American corporations embarked on intensive research to come up with a less dangerous method of refrigeration. Their efforts led to the use of Freon which became a standard for all refrigerators. Freon was changed in 1996 and it was replaced with HFC 134a. This was done so as to comply with The Regulatory Clean Air Act. The replacement was done because HFC 134a was less injurious to the environment and the Ozone as compared to Freon. The effectiveness of HFC 134a was just the same as Freon and the users of refrigerators did not notice any difference. The table below shows the milestones achieved in the refrigeration technology. Milestones: BC 1000 The Chinese cut and stored ice 500  Ã‚   Egyptians and Indians made ice on cold nights by setting water out in earthenware pots AD 1700 In England, servants collected ice in the winter and put it into icehouses for use in the summer 1720 Dr. William Cullen, a Scotsman, studied the evaporation of liquids in a vacuum 1805 Oliver Evans of Pennsylvania, compressed ether machine, the machine is never built 1820 Michael Faraday, a Londoner, liquefied ammonia to cause cooling 1834 Jacob Perkins, ether vapor compression cycle, Ice Making Machine 1844 James Harrison of Australia invents compressed ether machine 1850 Edmond Carre of France, invents an absorption process machine 1852 William Thomson James Prescott cooling increases in proportion to the pressure difference 1855 Dr. John Gorrie builds compression refrigeration system based on Faradays experiments. 1856 James Harrison commissioned by a brewery to build a machine that cooled beer. 1859 Ferdinand Carre of France, developed the first ammonia/water refrigeration machine 1871 Carl von Linde of Germany published an essay on improved refrigeration techniques 1873 Carl von Linde first practical and portable compressor refrigeration machine was built in Munich 1874 Raoul Pictet of Switzerland, a compressor system using sulfur dioxide instead of ammonia 1876 Carl von Linde, early models he used methyl ether, but changed to an ammonia cycle 1878 von Linde starts Lindes Eismaschinen AG, (Society for Lindes Ice Machines), now Linde AG 1881 Edmund J. Copeland and Arnold H. Gross start Leonard Refrigerator Company 1894 Linde developed a new method (Linde technique) for the liquefaction of large quantities of air. 1894 Linde AG installs refrigerator at the Guinness brewery in Dublin, Ireland 1895 Carl von Linde produced large amounts of liquid air using the Thomson-Joule effect 1901 Patent # 665,814 issued January 10, for a Refridgeator (Ice Box) invented by Henry Trost. 1911 General Electric company unveiled a refrigerator invented by a French monk. Abbe Audiffren 1913 Fred W. Wolf Jr.of the Domelre Company (DOMestic Electric Refrigerator) 1914 Leonard Refrigerator Company renamed Electro-Automatic Refrigerating Company 1915 Alfred Mellowes starts Guardian Frigerato to build first self-container refrigerator for home use 1916 Servel models compressors were generally driven by motors located in the basement 1916 Henry Joy of Packard Motor Car Co. purchased the Fred W. Wolf refrigerator rights 1918 Guardian Frigerato purchased by General Motors and renamed Frigidaire 1918 Electro-Automatic Refrigerating Company renamed Kelvinator 1920 there were some 200 different refrigerator models on the market. 1922 Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters introduce absorption process refrigerator 1923 Kelvinator held 80 percent of the market for electric refrigerators 1923 AB Arctic.begins production of refrigerators based on Platen-Munters invention 1925 Electrolux purchases AB Arctic and launches the D-fridge on the world market 1925 Steel and porcelain cabinets began appearing in the mid-20s 1927 first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric Monitor-Top refrigerator. 1930 first built-in refrigerator is launched by Electrolux 1931 Dupont produced commercial quantities of R-12, trademarked as Freon 1931 the first air-cooled refrigerator introduced by Electrolux 1932 Gibson, then owned by Frank Gibson, manufactured its own line of refrigerators. 1934 an innovation, the Shelvador refrigerator, was introduced by the Crosley Radio Corporation 1936 Albert Henne synthesizes refrigerant R-134a 1937 more than 2 million Americans owned refrigerators. 1939 refrigerator with one section for frozen food and a second for chilled food, introduced by G. E. 1946 Mass production of modern refrigerators didnt get started until after World War II. 1947 GE two-door refrigerator-freezer combination 1955 80% of American homes now have refrigerators 2005 A domestic refrigerator is present in 99.5% of American homes   Table 1. Source: The Great Idea Finder Is refrigeration an old or a new technology. Refrigeration is an old technology that started a long time ago. Refrigeration concept can be said to originate from the prehistoric times. During this period, man found that the meat he had hunted lasted longer when stored in the cool areas of the cave or when packed in snow. The early man found that when he stored his game in cold temperatures, it lasted for long. He therefore hunted excess game which he kept in cold temperatures and he would eat this meat when the food was in short supply. As the early man progressed, he started using ice which he harvested in winter to use in summer. Ice was also harvested from lakes and rivers to be used for the purpose of refrigeration. Adding chemicals like sodium and potassium nitrate to water so as to lower its temperatures was the next stage in the history of refrigeration. It is recorded that this method was used to cool wine in 1550. The use of mechanical refrigeration started in the last quarter of the 19th century. This evolution was a long slow process (Trevor, 1978) Has refrigeration led to any type of social change? The refrigeration technology can be said to have a great impact to women in particular. This is because women are viewed as the domestic worker (Cowan, 137-138). Though this mentality has changed in the modern world, there is still the thought that the domestic world belongs to women. The refrigerators can be seen to symbolize the freedom of house wives. They have saved women from preserving foods in the old fashioned ways of salting, smoking or dehydrating. The air conditioning has contributed immensely to the development of the hot and humid areas both socially and economically. This has been achieved through creation of habitable environments with desired temperatures and humidity levels in office buildings and private homes (Barbara, 2003) Benefits of refrigeration to the society Refrigeration has changed the lifestyles of the society in various ways. One can buy food for a whole week without fear of it getting spoiled after refrigeration. Cooked food can also be stored for long without getting spoilt. Salting of food as a method of preservation is long forgotten. The food preserved using this method did not even last for a long time. One can also get a cold drink during the hottest summer and this seemed like a dream before refrigeration wad invented. Fruits, vegetables and even flowers can be kept fresh for a long period of time with refrigeration. The modern life is in the fast lane. This has called for most people to be working for long hours or working two jobs. In homes both partners may be busy for up to a whole week and hence no time for everyday cooking. With refrigeration, they can cook as much food as possible when they are free and storing it in refrigerators and they can eat it throughout the week. This saves them much time which could have been wasted ion cooking after work. With refrigeration, the temperature of the food is lowered and thus the food can be kept for long to be used later without getting spoiled (Shephard, 29) Refrigeration is also widely used for the purposes of air conditioning in homes, public buildings and restaurants. It is also used for refrigeration of foodstuffs in restaurants and also in large storage warehouses. Refrigerators have become very common in the United States. Most American homes started using refrigerators a long time ago. More than 80 % of the rural American and more than 90% of urban American homes used owned a refrigerator by the year 1950 (Historychannel.com) Refrigeration is also used commercially and in manufacturing industries. It is used to liquefy gases including oxygen, nitrogen, propane, and methane. It is used to compress and condense water vapor in compressed air purification. This process is aimed at reducing the moisture content of compressed air. In industries like petrochemical, refineries and chemical plants, refrigeration is important as it is used for the maintenance of certain chemical processes and reactions at low temperatures. An example is in the production of high octane gasoline component where the alkylations of butanes and butane is done at low temperatures (Noor, 2009) Refrigeration is therefore a vital technology in many sectors of the economy like the dairy industry, the meat industry, fish and pork industry and also in the fruits and vegetables sector. In the non food sectors, refrigeration is used in school laboratories to store chemicals, samples and cultures. It is also the technology that is used to preserver corpses in morgues. Detrimental effects of refrigeration to the society. The refrigerant used in refrigerators has a negative effect on the environment. Though the use of CFC has been banned, some manufactures may sell the old stocks of refrigerators which use CFC. These are detrimental to the ozone layer. The HFCs being used on modern refrigerators are strong green house gas emitters. Though they do not harm the ozone, they destroy the environment that we live-in. Refrigeration contributes to the global warming. Though HFCs were seen as the solution to refrigeration, it has a very high potential of global warming. This contribution is due to direct emissions of the refrigerant gases. Most of these emissions are due to leakage of the refrigerant into the environment either due to poor maintenance and containment. Freon was seen as been safer to the consumer though it had negative impacts on the environment. Clean Air Act was passed in 1990 and it restricted use of CFCs. Many industries had no other choice than to be forced to phase out CFCs in their produ cts (Gopalnarayanan, 19) Refrigeration as a symbol of growth. Refrigeration has allowed many families and industries to keep food fresh for long periods of time. It is a symbol of growth in that most families are small and they occupy a small piece of land and hence there is no space for keeping livestock and growing different varieties of fruits and vegetables. Also most modern families live in towns and cities where there are no gardens for growing fruits and vegetables or keeping animals. This does not therefore mean that because these families are limited by these factors, they cannot enjoy a varied and balanced diet. Supermarkets have stocked all types of me4at, eggs, vegetables and eggs in their refrigerated shelves. These customers come and buy the same and stock it in their refrigerators. The fish, poultry, dairy products and vegetables can be kept in the same space of the refrigerator within the kitchen. Refrigeration is an important symbol of growth and societal progress in that the society can enjoy a variety of salads, fruits and vegetables all year long without having and tilling their own garden. The society can also enjoy dairy products without having their own dairy animals, meat products without owning beef cattle, egg products without rearing their own poultry and all kinds of fish without having a fish pond all year round. Also other types of foods from far off countries are madder available to the society. These food products are shipped or delivered by air under refrigeration. Refrigeration allows purchase of goods in large scale and in bulk. With regard to economies of scale, this saves on money. It has become possible to enjoy ice cream which may have been produced from abroad unlike in the past where ice cream was eaten on the spot at the place of manufacture. Through refrigeration world trade has been opened up and refrigerated goods from one country can be easily market in another without the fear of spoilage. Refrigeration technology has acted as a source of employment to many people. The direct employees include the refrigeration experts, technicians; mechanics and installers. These are mainly people employed by air conditioning, plumbing and heating contractors and companies. Indirect employment involve people in other sectors e.g. in shops that sell the refrigeration equipments, dairy farmers, fishermen and fruits and vegetable farmers. How government institutions helped shape refrigeration. Government as a regulator- the government through the Environmental Protection Agency has set standards for monitoring and regulating refrigerant leaks. There are other regulations and strict standards that have been set by the government regarding green house emissions from the refrigerants. The government has identified CFCs, HCFCs, and PFCs as ozone depleting gases (ODS) and also global warming gases and has therefore prohibited their use as refrigerants. These are the gases commonly used for HVAC and in AC units. Many US states have increased the demand for a detailed refrigerant reporting requirement (Stouffer, 1998). Government as consumer- many government buildings, both central and federal government, is installed with air conditioners, refrigerators and other heating and cooling systems that use the refrigeration technology. Also government hospitals and other governmental organizations are installed with refrigeration systems. This is evident that the government is a major consumer of the refrigeration technology. Is refrigeration an example of deterministic technology or socially constructed technology. In my opinion, refrigeration is a socially constructed technology. Refrigeration does not determine the human actions but rather it is the human actions that have shaped refrigeration. The need for fresh products has resulted into the invention of the refrigeration technology. Human beings actions are such that they are very busy either in work places or in school and hence have no time to cook fresh foods every day. This has led to the development of the refrigeration technology. With its development, the human beings are now able to cook more food whenever they are free which they can refrigerate and eat them for a long period of time. Abstract Refrigeration can be said to the process of heat removal from substances. It is done with the aim of lowering the temperature of the substance and maintaining that low temperature. Refrigeration in food is done to reduce the risk of bacteria survival. Bacteria are responsible for most of the illnesses. The technology of refrigeration can be said to have started a long time ago. Its evolution is still continuing as we seek to find the best refrigerant that can be safe to us and to our environment. Refrigeration has been associated with a lot of benefits in our homes and in the society at large. Many homes in the United States are now equipped with a refrigerator. Important words used :refrigerator, fridge, fridgerator, refrigeration, Carl Linde, Carl von Linde, William Cullen, Oliver Evans, Fred Wolf, Linde, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, James Prescott Joule,   invention, history, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, CFC, HCFC, ODS,AC, HAVC.

Strategic Bombing During World War 2 :: World War II History

Strategic Bombing During World War 2 "World War 2 was a war fought in two distinct phases. The first was the last war of a new generation. The second was emphatically the first of a new era" . "The British strategic bomber campaign was of doubtful cost effectiveness" . Bomber Command was by far the largest claimant on labour and factory space within the armed forces. Relative to their size they suffered more casualties than any other sector. The Anglo-American bomber force was divided in terms of strategy. Bomber Command believed it was too risky to bomb by day, while the Americans believed it was too difficult to bomb by night. Initially both forces lacked accurate navigational equipment, which deterred them from precision bombing. Germany developed a 'night fighter' force to counteract the bomber fleet. They were equipped with an on board radar, which enabled them to locate the bombers in the darkness. The German industry was sub-divided in an attempt to minimise the effectiveness of bombing raids. Both the Britain and Germany made substantial scientific developments throughout the course of the war. Prior to the development of the Lancaster, the British Air Force lacked a long-range bomber, capable of carrying substantial bomb loads. Wattson Watt foresaw the need for an early detection system; he developed the 'Radiolocation' system, which alerted Britain to invading forces. The German Air Force developed an on board radar, called the 'Metric system', which was equipped to German night fighters. Bomber Harris believed in the theory of 'carpet bombing'. Nick named 'butcher Harris'; he was known as the man who supported such campaigns as Dresden. He believed in breaking the morale of the German people. The strategic bombing campaign significantly shortened the length of the war. It disabled the production industry and weakened the German morale. Between Jan. 12-23 of 1943 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet at Casablanca, to plan the 'future global military strategy for the Western Allies'. The work of the conference was primarily military; deciding on the invasion of Silicy, apportioning forces to the Pacific theatre and outlining major lines of attack in the Far East. Most important of all was Roosevelt's claims for the "unconditional surrender" from Germany, Italy, and Japan. Hamburg was largely responsible for the production of German U-boats. Subsequently it was the target of numerous air raids. In an attempt to protect the fragile industry, three huge anti-aircraft artilleries were built.